MySQL表类型|MySQL表类型 存储引擎 的选择

目录

  • 1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎
    • 方法1:
    • 方法2:
  • 2、ENGINE={存储引起类型}创建表的时候,设置存储引擎
    • 3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎
      • 3.1 常用存储引擎的对比
      • 3.2 常用存储引擎学习(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)

    1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎
    方法1:
    mysql> show engines \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Engine: InnoDBSupport: YESComment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keysTransactions: YESXA: YESSavepoints: YES*************************** 2. row ***************************Engine: MRG_MYISAMSupport: YESComment: Collection of identical MyISAM tablesTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 3. row ***************************Engine: MEMORYSupport: YESComment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tablesTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 4. row ***************************Engine: BLACKHOLESupport: YESComment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears)Transactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 5. row ***************************Engine: MyISAMSupport: DEFAULTComment: MyISAM storage engineTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 6. row ***************************Engine: CSVSupport: YESComment: CSV storage engineTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 7. row ***************************Engine: ARCHIVESupport: YESComment: Archive storage engineTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 8. row ***************************Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMASupport: YESComment: Performance SchemaTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 9. row ***************************Engine: FEDERATEDSupport: NOComment: Federated MySQL storage engineTransactions: NULLXA: NULLSavepoints: NULL9 rows in set (0.00 sec)ERROR:No query specified


    方法2:
    (Value 显示为“DISABLED”的记录表示支持该存储引擎,但是数据库启动的时候被禁用。)
    mysql> show variables like 'have%'; +------------------------+----------+| Variable_name| Value|+------------------------+----------+| have_compress| YES|| have_crypt| NO|| have_dynamic_loading| YES|| have_geometry| YES|| have_openssl| DISABLED || have_profiling| YES|| have_query_cache| YES|| have_rtree_keys| YES|| have_ssl| DISABLED || have_statement_timeout | YES|| have_symlink| YES|+------------------------+----------+11 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)


    2、ENGINE={存储引起类型}创建表的时候,设置存储引擎
    mysql> create table a(-> i bigint(20) not null auto_increment,-> primary key (i)-> ) engine=myisam default charset=gbk; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:3Current database: testQuery OK, 0 rows affected (1.33 sec)


    3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎
    mysql> alter table a engine=innodb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec)Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> show create table a \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Table: aCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `a` (`i` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (`i`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk1 row in set (0.14 sec)


    3.1 常用存储引擎的对比
    特点 MyISAM InnoDB MEMORY MERGE NDB
    存储限制 64TB 没有
    事务安全 支持
    锁机制 表锁 行锁 表锁 表锁 表锁
    B 树索引 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
    哈希索引 支持 支持
    全文索引 支持
    集群索引 支持
    数据缓存 支持 支持 支持
    索引缓存 支持 支持 支持 支持 支持
    数据可压缩 支持
    空间使用 N/A
    内存使用 中等
    批量插入的速度
    支持外键 支持

    3.2 常用存储引擎学习(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)
    MyISAM:

    默认的MySQL存储引擎,不支持事务和外键
    优点:访问速度快
    每个MyISAM在磁盘上存储成3个文件,其文件名和表名都相同。扩展名分别是:
    .frm (存储表定义)
    .MYD (MYData,存储数据)
    .MYI (MYIndex,存储索引)
    (数据文件和索引文件可以放置在不同的目录,平均分布 IO,获得更快的速度。)
    InnoDB:

    处理效率较差,占用较多的空间用来保留数据和索引
    优点:具有提交、回滚、奔溃恢复能力的事务安全、唯一支持外键的存储引擎
    自动增长列:InnoDB 表的自动增长列可以手工插入,但是插入的值如果是空或者 0,则实际插入的将是自动增长后的值
    mysql> create table autoincre_demo(-> i smallint not null auto_increment,-> name varchar(10),primary key(i)-> )engine=innodb; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:5Current database: testQuery OK, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec)mysql> insert into autoincre_demo values(1,"121"),(0,"dddf"),(null,"fdf"); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.59 sec)Records: 3Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select * from autoincre_demo; +---+------+| i | name |+---+------+| 1 | 121|| 2 | dddf || 3 | fdf|+---+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    alter table tabename auto_increment=n 设置自动增长列的初始值(此值默认从1开始)

    可以使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()查询当前线程最后插入记录使用的值。如果一次插入了多条记录,那么返回的是第一条记录使用的自动增长值。
    下面的例子演示了使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()的情况:
    mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.36 sec)mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+| LAST_INSERT_ID() |+------------------+|15 |+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'),('6'),('323'),('21'); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.09 sec)Records: 4Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+| LAST_INSERT_ID() |+------------------+|16 |+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    外键约束:

    在创建外键的时候,要求父表必须有对应的索引,子表在创建外键的时候也会自动创建对应的索引。
    下面是样例数据库中的两个表,country 表是父表,country_id 为主键索引,city 表是子表,country_id 字段对 country 表的 country_id 有外键。
    mysql> create table country(-> country_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment,-> country varchar(50) not null,-> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp,-> primary key(country_id)-> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec)mysql> CREATE TABLE city (-> city_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,-> city VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,-> country_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,-> last_update TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,-> PRIMARY KEY (city_id),-> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id),-> CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (country_id) REFERENCES country (country_id) ON-> DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE-> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.22 sec)

    在创建索引的时候,可以指定在删除、更新父表时,对子表进行的相应操作,包 RESTRICT、CASCADE、SET NULL 和 NO ACTION
    • RESTRICT NO ACTION 相同,是指限制在子表有关联记录的情况下父表不能更新
    • CASCADE 表示父表在更新或者删除时,更新或者删除子表对应记录;
    • SET NULL 则表示父表在更新或者删除的时候,子表的对应字段被 SET NULL
    mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+| country_id | country | last_update|+------------+---------+---------------------+|1 | AAA| 2021-06-16 15:09:22 |+------------+---------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from city; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+| city_id | city | country_id | last_update|+---------+------+------------+---------------------+|10 | bb|1 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |+---------+------+------------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> delete from country where country_id = 1; ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`city`, CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (`country_id`) REFERENCES `country` (`country_id`) ON UPDATE CASCADE)mysql> update country set country_id = 10000 where country_id = 1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)Rows matched: 1Changed: 1Warnings: 0mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+| country_id | country | last_update|+------------+---------+---------------------+|10000 | AAA| 2021-06-16 15:13:35 |+------------+---------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from city-> ; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+| city_id | city | country_id | last_update|+---------+------+------------+---------------------+|10 | bb|10000 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |+---------+------+------------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    在导入多个表的数据时,如果需要忽略表之前的导入顺序,可以暂时关闭外键的检查;同样,在执行 LOAD DATA ALTER TABLE 操作的时候,可以通过暂时关闭外键约束来加快处理的速度,关闭的命令是“SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; ”,执行完成之后,通过执行“SETFOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1; ”语句改回原状态。
    查看表外键信息:show create table 或者 show table status 命令

    mysql> show table status like 'city' \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Name: cityEngine: InnoDBVersion: 10Row_format: DynamicRows: 1 Avg_row_length: 16384Data_length: 16384Max_data_length: 0Index_length: 16384Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: 11Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:02:17Update_time: 2021-06-16 15:13:35Check_time: NULLCollation: utf8_general_ciChecksum: NULL Create_options:Comment:1 row in set (0.43 sec)ERROR:No query specified

    存储方式:

    • (1)、使用共享表空间存储:表的表结构保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引存在 innodb_data_home_dir innodb_data_file_path 定义的表空间中,可以是多个文件
    • (2)、使用多表空间存储:表的表结构也保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引单独存在.ibd中;如果是分区表,则每个分区对应单独的.ibd文件,文件名是:“表名+分区名”,可以在创建分区的时候指定每个分区的数据文件的位置,以此来将表的 IO 均匀分布在多个磁盘上
    MEMORY:

    使用存在内存中的内容来创建表
    每个 MEMORY 表只实际对应一个磁盘文件,格式是.frm
    优点:访问速度快(数据存储在内存中),并且默认使用HASH索引,服务关闭则数据丢失
    mysql> CREATE TABLE tab_memory ENGINE=MEMORY-> SELECT city_id,city,country_id-> FROM city GROUP BY city_id; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:12Current database: testQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select * from tab_memory; +---------+------+------------+| city_id | city | country_id |+---------+------+------------+|10 | bb|10000 |+---------+------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show table status like 'tab_memory' \G*************************** 1. row ***************************Name: tab_memoryEngine: MEMORYVersion: 10Row_format: FixedRows: 1 Avg_row_length: 155Data_length: 520320Max_data_length: 65011650Index_length: 0Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: NULLCreate_time: 2021-06-16 15:28:58Update_time: NULLCheck_time: NULLCollation: utf8_unicode_ciChecksum: NULL Create_options:Comment:1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    给表创建索引的时候可以指定索引类型是HASH或是BTREE
    mysql> create index mem_hash using hash on tab_memory(city_id); ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:13Current database: testQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.63 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tab_memoryNon_unique: 1Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: city_idCollation: NULLCardinality: 1Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: HASHComment:Index_comment:1 row in set (0.32 sec)ERROR:No query specifiedmysql> drop index mem_hash on tab_memory; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> create index mem_hash using btree on tab_memory(city_id); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tab_memoryNon_unique: 1Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: city_idCollation: ACardinality: NULLSub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREEComment:Index_comment:1 row in set (0.00 sec)ERROR:No query specified

    MERGE:
    此存储殷勤是一组MyISAM表的组合
    MERGE 类型的表可以进行查询、更新、删除的操作,这些操作实际上是对内部的实际的 MyISAM 表进行的。
    对于 MERGE 类型表的插入操作,是通过INSERT_METHOD 子句定义插入的表,可以有 3 个不同的值,使用 FIRST 或 LAST 值使得插入操作被相应地作用在第一或最后一个表上,不定义这个子句或者定义为 NO,表示不能对这个 MERGE 表执行插入操作。
    可以对 MERGE 表进行 DROP 操作,这个操作只是删除 MERGE 的定义,对内部的表没有任何的影响。
    存储文件:一个.frm 文件存储表定义,另一个.MRG 文件包含组合表的信息,包括 MERGE 表由哪些表组成、插入新的数据时的依据
    mysql> create table payment_2020(-> country_id smallint,-> payment_date datetime,-> amount DECIMAL(15,2),-> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id)-> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)mysql>create table payment_2021(-> country_id smallint,-> payment_date datetime,-> amount DECIMAL(15,2),-> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id)-> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)mysql> CREATE TABLE payment_all(-> country_id smallint,-> payment_date datetime,-> amount DECIMAL(15,2),-> INDEX(country_id)-> )engine=merge union=(payment_2020,payment_2021) INSERT_METHOD=LAST; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)

    分别向2020和2021中插入数据,并查询
    mysql> insert into payment_2020 values(1,'2020-06-01',100000),(2,'2020-06-15',150000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 2Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> insert into payment_2021 values(1,'2021-04-20',35000),(2,'2021-06-15',220000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)Records: 2Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 ||1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    可以发现,payment_all 表中的数据是 payment_2020 payment_2021 表的记录合并后的结果集
    下面向 MERGE 表插入一条记录,由于 MERGE 表的定义是 INSERT_METHOD=LAST,就会向最后一个表中插入记录,所以虽然这里插入的记录是 2006 年的,但仍然会写到 payment_2021表中。
    mysql> insert into payment_all values(3,'2020-03-30',12333131); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-------------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-------------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 |100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 |150000.00 ||1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |220000.00 ||3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |+------------+---------------------+-------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-------------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-------------+|1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |220000.00 ||3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |+------------+---------------------+-------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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