MySQL表类型|MySQL表类型 存储引擎 的选择
目录
- 1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎
- 方法1:
- 方法2:
- 2、ENGINE={存储引起类型}创建表的时候,设置存储引擎
- 3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎
- 3.1 常用存储引擎的对比
- 3.2 常用存储引擎学习(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)
1、查看当前数据库支出的存储引擎
方法1:
mysql> show engines \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Engine: InnoDBSupport: YESComment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keysTransactions: YESXA: YESSavepoints: YES*************************** 2. row ***************************Engine: MRG_MYISAMSupport: YESComment: Collection of identical MyISAM tablesTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 3. row ***************************Engine: MEMORYSupport: YESComment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tablesTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 4. row ***************************Engine: BLACKHOLESupport: YESComment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears)Transactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 5. row ***************************Engine: MyISAMSupport: DEFAULTComment: MyISAM storage engineTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 6. row ***************************Engine: CSVSupport: YESComment: CSV storage engineTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 7. row ***************************Engine: ARCHIVESupport: YESComment: Archive storage engineTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 8. row ***************************Engine: PERFORMANCE_SCHEMASupport: YESComment: Performance SchemaTransactions: NOXA: NOSavepoints: NO*************************** 9. row ***************************Engine: FEDERATEDSupport: NOComment: Federated MySQL storage engineTransactions: NULLXA: NULLSavepoints: NULL9 rows in set (0.00 sec)ERROR:No query specified
方法2:
(Value 显示为“
DISABLED
”的记录表示支持该存储引擎,但是数据库启动的时候被禁用。)mysql> show variables like 'have%'; +------------------------+----------+| Variable_name| Value|+------------------------+----------+| have_compress| YES|| have_crypt| NO|| have_dynamic_loading| YES|| have_geometry| YES|| have_openssl| DISABLED || have_profiling| YES|| have_query_cache| YES|| have_rtree_keys| YES|| have_ssl| DISABLED || have_statement_timeout | YES|| have_symlink| YES|+------------------------+----------+11 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
2、ENGINE={存储引起类型}创建表的时候,设置存储引擎
mysql> create table a(-> i bigint(20) not null auto_increment,-> primary key (i)-> ) engine=myisam default charset=gbk; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:3Current database: testQuery OK, 0 rows affected (1.33 sec)
3、alter able tablename engine={存储引起类型} 修改表为其他存储引擎
mysql> alter table a engine=innodb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.70 sec)Records: 0Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> show create table a \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Table: aCreate Table: CREATE TABLE `a` (`i` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (`i`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk1 row in set (0.14 sec)
3.1 常用存储引擎的对比
特点 | MyISAM | InnoDB | MEMORY | MERGE | NDB |
存储限制 | 有 | 64TB | 有 | 没有 | 有 |
事务安全 | 支持 | ||||
锁机制 | 表锁 | 行锁 | 表锁 | 表锁 | 表锁 |
B 树索引 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 |
哈希索引 | 支持 | 支持 | |||
全文索引 | 支持 | ||||
集群索引 | 支持 | ||||
数据缓存 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | ||
索引缓存 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 | 支持 |
数据可压缩 | 支持 | ||||
空间使用 | 低 | 高 | N/A | 低 | 低 |
内存使用 | 低 | 高 | 中等 | 低 | 高 |
批量插入的速度 | 高 | 低 | 高 | 高 | 高 |
支持外键 | 支持 |
3.2 常用存储引擎学习(MyISAM、InnoDB、MEMORY 和 MERGE)
MyISAM:
默认的
MySQL
存储引擎,不支持事务和外键优点:访问速度快
每个
MyISAM
在磁盘上存储成3个文件,其文件名和表名都相同。扩展名分别是:.frm
(存储表定义).MYD
(MYData,存储数据).MYI
(MYIndex,存储索引)(数据文件和索引文件可以放置在不同的目录,平均分布 IO,获得更快的速度。)
InnoDB:
处理效率较差,占用较多的空间用来保留数据和索引
优点:具有提交、回滚、奔溃恢复能力的事务安全、唯一支持外键的存储引擎
自动增长列:
InnoDB
表的自动增长列可以手工插入,但是插入的值如果是空或者 0,则实际插入的将是自动增长后的值mysql> create table autoincre_demo(-> i smallint not null auto_increment,-> name varchar(10),primary key(i)-> )engine=innodb; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:5Current database: testQuery OK, 0 rows affected (1.19 sec)mysql> insert into autoincre_demo values(1,"121"),(0,"dddf"),(null,"fdf"); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.59 sec)Records: 3Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select * from autoincre_demo; +---+------+| i | name |+---+------+| 1 | 121|| 2 | dddf || 3 | fdf|+---+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
alter table tabename auto_increment=n 设置自动增长列的初始值(此值默认从1开始)
可以使用
LAST_INSERT_ID()
查询当前线程最后插入记录使用的值。如果一次插入了多条记录,那么返回的是第一条记录使用的自动增长值。下面的例子演示了使用 LAST_INSERT_ID()的情况:
mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.36 sec)mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+| LAST_INSERT_ID() |+------------------+|15 |+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into autoincre_demo(name) values('3'),('6'),('323'),('21'); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.09 sec)Records: 4Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select LAST_INSERT_ID(); +------------------+| LAST_INSERT_ID() |+------------------+|16 |+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
外键约束:
在创建外键的时候,要求父表必须有对应的索引,子表在创建外键的时候也会自动创建对应的索引。
下面是样例数据库中的两个表,
country
表是父表,country_id
为主键索引,city
表是子表,country_id 字段对 country
表的 country_id
有外键。mysql> create table country(-> country_id smallint unsigned not null auto_increment,-> country varchar(50) not null,-> last_update timestamp not null default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp,-> primary key(country_id)-> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.86 sec)mysql> CREATE TABLE city (-> city_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,-> city VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,-> country_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,-> last_update TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,-> PRIMARY KEY (city_id),-> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id),-> CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (country_id) REFERENCES country (country_id) ON-> DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE CASCADE-> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (3.22 sec)
在创建索引的时候,可以指定在删除、更新父表时,对子表进行的相应操作,包
RESTRICT
、CASCADE、SET NULL 和 NO ACTION
RESTRICT
和NO ACTION
相同,是指限制在子表有关联记录的情况下父表不能更新CASCADE
表示父表在更新或者删除时,更新或者删除子表对应记录;SET NULL
则表示父表在更新或者删除的时候,子表的对应字段被SET NULL
。
mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+| country_id | country | last_update|+------------+---------+---------------------+|1 | AAA| 2021-06-16 15:09:22 |+------------+---------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from city; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+| city_id | city | country_id | last_update|+---------+------+------------+---------------------+|10 | bb|1 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |+---------+------+------------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> delete from country where country_id = 1; ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`city`, CONSTRAINT `fk_city_country` FOREIGN KEY (`country_id`) REFERENCES `country` (`country_id`) ON UPDATE CASCADE)mysql> update country set country_id = 10000 where country_id = 1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)Rows matched: 1Changed: 1Warnings: 0mysql> select * from country; +------------+---------+---------------------+| country_id | country | last_update|+------------+---------+---------------------+|10000 | AAA| 2021-06-16 15:13:35 |+------------+---------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from city-> ; +---------+------+------------+---------------------+| city_id | city | country_id | last_update|+---------+------+------------+---------------------+|10 | bb|10000 | 2021-06-16 15:11:45 |+---------+------+------------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在导入多个表的数据时,如果需要忽略表之前的导入顺序,可以暂时关闭外键的检查;同样,在执行
LOAD DATA
和 ALTER TABLE
操作的时候,可以通过暂时关闭外键约束来加快处理的速度,关闭的命令是“SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0
;
”,执行完成之后,通过执行“SETFOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1
;
”语句改回原状态。查看表外键信息:
show create table
或者 show table status
命令mysql> show table status like 'city' \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Name: cityEngine: InnoDBVersion: 10Row_format: DynamicRows: 1 Avg_row_length: 16384Data_length: 16384Max_data_length: 0Index_length: 16384Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: 11Create_time: 2021-06-16 15:02:17Update_time: 2021-06-16 15:13:35Check_time: NULLCollation: utf8_general_ciChecksum: NULL Create_options:Comment:1 row in set (0.43 sec)ERROR:No query specified
存储方式:
- (1)、使用共享表空间存储:表的表结构保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引存在
innodb_data_home_dir
和innodb_data_file_path
定义的表空间中,可以是多个文件 - (2)、使用多表空间存储:表的表结构也保存在.frm文件中,数据+索引单独存在.
ibd
中;如果是分区表,则每个分区对应单独的.ibd文件,文件名是:“表名+分区名”,可以在创建分区的时候指定每个分区的数据文件的位置,以此来将表的 IO 均匀分布在多个磁盘上
使用存在内存中的内容来创建表
每个 MEMORY 表只实际对应一个磁盘文件,格式是.
frm
。优点:访问速度快(数据存储在内存中),并且默认使用HASH索引,服务关闭则数据丢失
mysql> CREATE TABLE tab_memory ENGINE=MEMORY-> SELECT city_id,city,country_id-> FROM city GROUP BY city_id; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:12Current database: testQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.62 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select * from tab_memory; +---------+------+------------+| city_id | city | country_id |+---------+------+------------+|10 | bb|10000 |+---------+------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> show table status like 'tab_memory' \G*************************** 1. row ***************************Name: tab_memoryEngine: MEMORYVersion: 10Row_format: FixedRows: 1 Avg_row_length: 155Data_length: 520320Max_data_length: 65011650Index_length: 0Data_free: 0 Auto_increment: NULLCreate_time: 2021-06-16 15:28:58Update_time: NULLCheck_time: NULLCollation: utf8_unicode_ciChecksum: NULL Create_options:Comment:1 row in set (0.00 sec)
给表创建索引的时候可以指定索引类型是
HASH
或是BTREE
mysql> create index mem_hash using hash on tab_memory(city_id); ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone awayNo connection. Trying to reconnect...Connection id:13Current database: testQuery OK, 1 row affected (0.63 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tab_memoryNon_unique: 1Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: city_idCollation: NULLCardinality: 1Sub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: HASHComment:Index_comment:1 row in set (0.32 sec)ERROR:No query specifiedmysql> drop index mem_hash on tab_memory; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> create index mem_hash using btree on tab_memory(city_id); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)Records: 1Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> show index from tab_memory \G; *************************** 1. row ***************************Table: tab_memoryNon_unique: 1Key_name: mem_hash Seq_in_index: 1Column_name: city_idCollation: ACardinality: NULLSub_part: NULLPacked: NULLNull:Index_type: BTREEComment:Index_comment:1 row in set (0.00 sec)ERROR:No query specified
MERGE:
此存储殷勤是一组
MyISAM
表的组合对
MERGE
类型的表可以进行查询、更新、删除的操作,这些操作实际上是对内部的实际的 MyISAM
表进行的。对于
MERGE
类型表的插入操作,是通过INSERT_METHOD
子句定义插入的表,可以有 3 个不同的值,使用 FIRST 或 LAST 值使得插入操作被相应地作用在第一或最后一个表上,不定义这个子句或者定义为 NO,表示不能对这个 MERGE 表执行插入操作。可以对
MERGE
表进行 DROP 操作,这个操作只是删除 MERGE 的定义,对内部的表没有任何的影响。存储文件:一个
.frm
文件存储表定义,另一个.MRG
文件包含组合表的信息,包括 MERGE
表由哪些表组成、插入新的数据时的依据mysql> create table payment_2020(-> country_id smallint,-> payment_date datetime,-> amount DECIMAL(15,2),-> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id)-> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)mysql>create table payment_2021(-> country_id smallint,-> payment_date datetime,-> amount DECIMAL(15,2),-> KEY idx_fk_country_id (country_id)-> )engine=myisam; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.54 sec)mysql> CREATE TABLE payment_all(-> country_id smallint,-> payment_date datetime,-> amount DECIMAL(15,2),-> INDEX(country_id)-> )engine=merge union=(payment_2020,payment_2021) INSERT_METHOD=LAST; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
分别向2020和2021中插入数据,并查询
mysql> insert into payment_2020 values(1,'2020-06-01',100000),(2,'2020-06-15',150000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 2Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> insert into payment_2021 values(1,'2021-04-20',35000),(2,'2021-06-15',220000); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)Records: 2Duplicates: 0Warnings: 0mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 ||1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 | 220000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以发现,
payment_all
表中的数据是 payment_2020
和 payment_2021
表的记录合并后的结果集下面向
MERGE
表插入一条记录,由于 MERGE
表的定义是 INSERT_METHOD=LAST
,就会向最后一个表中插入记录,所以虽然这里插入的记录是 2006 年的,但仍然会写到 payment_2021
表中。mysql> insert into payment_all values(3,'2020-03-30',12333131); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.31 sec)mysql> select * from payment_all; +------------+---------------------+-------------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-------------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 |100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 |150000.00 ||1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |220000.00 ||3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |+------------+---------------------+-------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_2021; +------------+---------------------+-------------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-------------+|1 | 2021-04-20 00:00:00 |35000.00 ||2 | 2021-06-15 00:00:00 |220000.00 ||3 | 2020-03-30 00:00:00 | 12333131.00 |+------------+---------------------+-------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from payment_2020; +------------+---------------------+-----------+| country_id | payment_date| amount|+------------+---------------------+-----------+|1 | 2020-06-01 00:00:00 | 100000.00 ||2 | 2020-06-15 00:00:00 | 150000.00 |+------------+---------------------+-----------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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