Python之os模块案例详解 Python之os模块案例详解

OS模块

import os

1.返回操作系统类型：posix 是linux操作系统，nt 是windows操作系统

print(os.name)print('Linux' if os.name == 'posix' else 'Windows')posixLinux

2.操作系统的详细信息

info = os.uname()print(info)print(info.sysname)print(info.nodename)posix.uname_result(sysname='Linux', nodename='foundation1.ilt.example.com', release='3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64', version='#1 SMP Wed Oct 19 11:24:13 EDT 2016', machine='x86_64')Linuxfoundation1.ilt.example.com

3.系统的环境变量

print(os.environ)print(os.environ.get('PATH'))#通过key值获取环境变量对应的value值environ({'PATH': '/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/home/kiosk/.local/bin:/home/kiosk/bin', 'XAUTHORITY': '/run/gdm/auth-for-kiosk-VxJi8Q/database', 'IMSETTINGS_MODULE': 'none', 'HISTCONTROL': 'ignoredups', 'XMODIFIERS': '@im=ibus', 'GDMSESSION': 'gnome-classic', 'DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS': 'unix:abstract=/tmp/dbus-Pz5VvDs6Nd,guid=dda5a3ee1f3848808f16852b5d004efd', 'XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP': 'GNOME-Classic:GNOME', 'MAIL': '/var/spool/mail/kiosk', 'SSH_AGENT_PID': '1616', 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH': '.:', 'SESSION_MANAGER': 'local/unix:@/tmp/.ICE-unix/1446,unix/unix:/tmp/.ICE-unix/1446', 'USERNAME': 'kiosk', 'LOGNAME': 'kiosk', 'PWD': '/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python', 'PYCHARM_HOSTED': '1', 'WINDOWID': '31457287', 'PYTHONPATH': '/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python', 'LESSOPEN': '||/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s', 'SHELL': '/bin/bash', 'QT_GRAPHICSSYSTEM_CHECKED': '1', 'GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID': 'this-is-deprecated', 'IMSETTINGS_INTEGRATE_DESKTOP': 'yes', 'XDG_SESSION_DESKTOP': 'gnome-classic', 'LS_COLORS': 'rs=0:di=38; 5; 27:ln=38; 5; 51:mh=44; 38; 5; 15:pi=40; 38; 5; 11:so=38; 5; 13:do=38; 5; 5:bd=48; 5; 232; 38; 5; 11:cd=48; 5; 232; 38; 5; 3:or=48; 5; 232; 38; 5; 9:mi=05; 48; 5; 232; 38; 5; 15:su=48; 5; 196; 38; 5; 15:sg=48; 5; 11; 38; 5; 16:ca=48; 5; 196; 38; 5; 226:tw=48; 5; 10; 38; 5; 16:ow=48; 5; 10; 38; 5; 21:st=48; 5; 21; 38; 5; 15:ex=38; 5; 34:*.tar=38; 5; 9:*.tgz=38; 5; 9:*.arc=38; 5; 9:*.arj=38; 5; 9:*.taz=38; 5; 9:*.lha=38; 5; 9:*.lz4=38; 5; 9:*.lzh=38; 5; 9:*.lzma=38; 5; 9:*.tlz=38; 5; 9:*.txz=38; 5; 9:*.tzo=38; 5; 9:*.t7z=38; 5; 9:*.zip=38; 5; 9:*.z=38; 5; 9:*.Z=38; 5; 9:*.dz=38; 5; 9:*.gz=38; 5; 9:*.lrz=38; 5; 9:*.lz=38; 5; 9:*.lzo=38; 5; 9:*.xz=38; 5; 9:*.bz2=38; 5; 9:*.bz=38; 5; 9:*.tbz=38; 5; 9:*.tbz2=38; 5; 9:*.tz=38; 5; 9:*.deb=38; 5; 9:*.rpm=38; 5; 9:*.jar=38; 5; 9:*.war=38; 5; 9:*.ear=38; 5; 9:*.sar=38; 5; 9:*.rar=38; 5; 9:*.alz=38; 5; 9:*.ace=38; 5; 9:*.zoo=38; 5; 9:*.cpio=38; 5; 9:*.7z=38; 5; 9:*.rz=38; 5; 9:*.cab=38; 5; 9:*.jpg=38; 5; 13:*.jpeg=38; 5; 13:*.gif=38; 5; 13:*.bmp=38; 5; 13:*.pbm=38; 5; 13:*.pgm=38; 5; 13:*.ppm=38; 5; 13:*.tga=38; 5; 13:*.xbm=38; 5; 13:*.xpm=38; 5; 13:*.tif=38; 5; 13:*.tiff=38; 5; 13:*.png=38; 5; 13:*.svg=38; 5; 13:*.svgz=38; 5; 13:*.mng=38; 5; 13:*.pcx=38; 5; 13:*.mov=38; 5; 13:*.mpg=38; 5; 13:*.mpeg=38; 5; 13:*.m2v=38; 5; 13:*.mkv=38; 5; 13:*.webm=38; 5; 13:*.ogm=38; 5; 13:*.mp4=38; 5; 13:*.m4v=38; 5; 13:*.mp4v=38; 5; 13:*.vob=38; 5; 13:*.qt=38; 5; 13:*.nuv=38; 5; 13:*.wmv=38; 5; 13:*.asf=38; 5; 13:*.rm=38; 5; 13:*.rmvb=38; 5; 13:*.flc=38; 5; 13:*.avi=38; 5; 13:*.fli=38; 5; 13:*.flv=38; 5; 13:*.gl=38; 5; 13:*.dl=38; 5; 13:*.xcf=38; 5; 13:*.xwd=38; 5; 13:*.yuv=38; 5; 13:*.cgm=38; 5; 13:*.emf=38; 5; 13:*.axv=38; 5; 13:*.anx=38; 5; 13:*.ogv=38; 5; 13:*.ogx=38; 5; 13:*.aac=38; 5; 45:*.au=38; 5; 45:*.flac=38; 5; 45:*.mid=38; 5; 45:*.midi=38; 5; 45:*.mka=38; 5; 45:*.mp3=38; 5; 45:*.mpc=38; 5; 45:*.ogg=38; 5; 45:*.ra=38; 5; 45:*.wav=38; 5; 45:*.axa=38; 5; 45:*.oga=38; 5; 45:*.spx=38; 5; 45:*.xspf=38; 5; 45:', 'SHLVL': '3', 'QT_PLUGIN_PATH': '/usr/lib64/kde4/plugins:/usr/lib/kde4/plugins', 'QT_IM_MODULE': 'ibus', 'HISTSIZE': '1000', 'TERM': 'xterm-256color', 'XFILESEARCHPATH': '/usr/dt/app-defaults/%L/Dt', 'LANG': 'en_US.utf8', 'XDG_SESSION_ID': '1', 'DISPLAY': ':0', '_': '../jre/jre/bin/java', 'GDM_LANG': 'en_US.utf8', 'PYTHONIOENCODING': 'UTF-8', 'DESKTOP_SESSION': 'gnome-classic', 'GPG_AGENT_INFO': '/run/user/1000/keyring/gpg:0:1', 'USER': 'kiosk', 'XDG_MENU_PREFIX': 'gnome-', 'WINDOWPATH': '1', 'VTE_VERSION': '3804', 'XDG_SEAT': 'seat0', 'SSH_AUTH_SOCK': '/run/user/1000/keyring/ssh', 'PYTHONUNBUFFERED': '1', 'HOSTNAME': 'foundation1.ilt.example.com', 'NLSPATH': '/usr/dt/lib/nls/msg/%L/%N.cat', 'GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE': 'classic', 'KDEDIRS': '/usr', 'XDG_RUNTIME_DIR': '/run/user/1000', 'XDG_VTNR': '1', 'HOME': '/home/kiosk'})/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/home/kiosk/.local/bin:/home/kiosk/bin

4.判断是否是绝对路径

print(os.path.isabs('/tmp/ffff'))print(os.path.isabs('hello.jog'))TrueFalse

5.获取当前路径

print(os.getcwd())/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python

6.生成绝对路径的三种方式

print(os.path.abspath('hello.png'))print(os.path.join(os.path.abspath('.'),'hello.jpg'))## .表示当前路径print(os.path.join('/home/kiosk','hello.jpg'))/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python/hello.png/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python/hello.jpg/home/kiosk/hello.jpg

7.获取目录或文件名

filename = '/1234/year/month/day/hello.jpg'print(os.path.basename(filename))print(os.path.dirname(filename))hello.jpg/1234/year/month/day

8.返回指定目录下的所有文件名和目录名，返回的是一个列表

print(os.listdir('img'))['file1']

9.分离后缀名和文件名

print(os.path.splitext('hello.jpg'))

10.将目录名和文件名分离

print(os.path.split('/tmp/hello/hello.jpg'))

11.创建目录【 mkdir / mkdir -p】

os.mkdir('img')os.makedirs('img/file1/file2')

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不能递归删除目录，一层一层删

os.rmdir('img') OSError: [Errno 39] Directory not empty: 'img'

12.可以删除多层递归的空目录，若目录中有文件则无法删除

os.removedirs('img/file1/file2')

13.创建文件删除文件

os.mknod('00_ok.txt')os.remove('00_ok.txt')

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14.文件重命名

os.rename('data.txt','data1.txt')

15.判断文件或目录是否存在

print(os.path.exists('ips.txtyyyy'))print(os.path.exists('/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python/ips.txt'))FalseTrue

16.判断是否是文件或者目录

print(os.path.isfile('ips.txt'))print(os.path.isdir('img'))

print(os.getcwd()) path='/tmp'os.chdir(path)print(os.getcwd())/home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/2019python/tmp

18.文件信息
Access:文件最近一次被访问的时间；当编辑器打开文件时，使用cat,more,less,grep,sed读取文件内容将会刷新【 Access的时间，使用ls -lu可以读取当前的Access时间】
Modify:文件内容最近一次被修改的时间；当修改文件内容时Modify的时间将会刷新
【使用ls -l命令显示的是最近一次Modify时间】
Change:文件属性最近一次被修改的时间，对一个文件或则目录执行mv,chmod,chgrp命令，将会刷新Change 的时间【使用ls -lc可以查看最近一次Change的时间】

getatime()返回最近访问时间（浮点型秒数）getctime()返回文件创建时间getmtime()返回最近文件修改时间getsize()返回文件大小（字节为单位）

【Python之os模块案例详解】----------------------练习------------------------

在当前目录新建目录img, 里面包含多个文件, 文件名各不相同(X4G5.png)
将当前img目录所有以.png结尾的后缀名改为.jpg

import randomimport stringimport osdef gen_code(len=4):# 随机生成4位验证码li = random.sample(string.ascii_letters+string.digits,len)return ''.join(li)def create_file():# 随机生成100个验证码li = {gen_code() for i in range(100)}os.mkdir('img')for name in li:os.mknod('img/' + name + '.png')create_file()def modify_suffix(dirname,old_suffix,new_suffix):""":param dirname:操作的目录:param old_suffix: 之前的后缀名:param new_suffix: 新的后缀名:return:"""# 1.判断查找的目录是否存在，如果不存在，报错if os.path.exists(dirname):# 2.找出所有以old_suffix(.png)结尾的文件pngfile = [filename for filename in os.listdir(dirname)if filename.endswith(old_suffix)]# 3.将后缀名和文件名分开，留下文件名basefiles = [os.path.splitext(filename)[0]for filename in pngfile]# 4.重命名文件for filename in basefiles:oldname = os.path.join(dirname,filename+old_suffix)newname = os.path.join(dirname,filename+new_suffix)os.rename(oldname,newname)print('%s命名为%s成功' %(oldname,newname))else:print('%s不存在,不能操作...' %(dirname))modify_suffix('redhat','.jpg','.png')

-----------------练习-----------------------
利用time.time()方法，我们可以计算两个时间点之间的时间间隔
但是有些时候我们想要得到/etc/group文件的a/c/m的时间
对应的年月日这些信息
并保存再文件date.txt文件中

import osimport timetime1 = os.path.getctime('/etc/shadow')#时间戳时间print(time1)tuple_time = time.localtime(time1)print(tuple_time)year = tuple_time.tm_yearmonth = tuple_time.tm_monday = tuple_time.tm_mdaywith open('date.txt','a') as f:f.write('%d %d %d' %(year,month,day))f.write('\n')

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