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buffer|buffer cache与page cache

目录： 1、buffer cache和page cache的区别 2、如何释放buffer cache和page cache

1、page cache用于优化文件系统的I/O，buffer cache用于优化磁盘的I/O。
一般来说 page cache缓存的是file，很重要。buffer cache缓存的是 inode，dentry等内容，相对不那么重要。
page cache常用于读操作的时候，将常常读取的file缓存起来；buffer cache则是将要写入磁盘的内容缓冲（零存整取）。
以下文章引自Quora：
the page cache caches pages of files to optimize file I/O.The buffer cache caches disk blocks to optimize block I/O.
【buffer|buffer cache与page cache】page cache 缓存了file，以优化文件的I/O，buffer cache 缓冲了磁盘 block，以优化磁盘I/O。
Prior to Linux kernel version 2.4,the two caches were distinct : File were in the page cache, disk block were in the buffer cache. Given that most files are represented by a filesystem on a disk ,data was represented twice, once in each of the caches. Many Unix systems follow a similar pattern.
在Linux kernel 2.4之前，两个cache是有区别的：文件存在page cache内，磁盘块存在buffer cache内。大部分磁盘里的文件呈现到文件系统过程中，数据一般呈现两次，在每个cache呈现一次。很多unix系统都是类似模式。
This is simple to implement, but with an obvious inelegance and inefficiency. Starting with Linux kernel version 2.4, the contents of two caches were unified. The VM subsystem now drives I/O and it does so out of the page cache.If cached data has both a file and a block representation -- as most data does -- the buffer cache will simply point into the page cache; thus only one instance of the data is cached in memory. The page cache is what you picture when you think of a disk cache: It caches file data from a disk to make subsequent I/O faster.
这是很容易实现的，但是不够优雅和高效。Linux 2.4 开始，两个cache里的内容统一了。虚拟机子系统现在可以驱动I/O，也可以在页面缓存中进行。如果数据既以文件又以块的形式缓存 -- 这是大部分数据的缓存方式 -- 那么buffer cache将简单地指向page cache；因此仅是一个数据的实例存在内存里（另一个地方存指针）。page cache缓存了你看到的磁盘文件：它从磁盘里缓存file数据优化I/O的速度。
The buffer cache remains,however,as the kernel still needs to perform block I/O in terms of blocks, not pages. As most block represent file data, most of the buffer cache is represented by the page cache. But a small amount of block data isn't file backed-- metadata and raw block I/O for example -- and thus is solely represented by the buffer cache.
这里buffer cache还有一点，内核需要优化块I/O，而不是页存取。因为file数据是用块数据呈现的，大部分buffer cache 呈现为page cache。但是一小部分块数据不是文件备份 -- metadata 和 raw block I/O -- 这些数据用buffer cache存储（比如inode cache和dentry cache）。
2、在操作系统中释放cache的方式：
echo 1> /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches : 释放page cache
echo 2> /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches : 释放 inode cache和dentry cache
echo 3> /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches : 释放全部

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