教你用python实现12306余票查询教你用python实现12306余票查询

python实现12306余票查询我们说先在浏览器中打开开发者工具(F12)，尝试一次余票的查询，通过开发者工具查看发出请求的包

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余票查询界面
可以看到红框框中的URL就是我们向12306服务器发出的请求，那么具体是什么呢？我们来看看

[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21&leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDW&leftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQ&purpose_codes=ADULT)

可以看到发出请求的几个字段：

leftTicketDTO.train_date：查询的日期
leftTicketDTO.from_station：查询的出发地
leftTicketDTO.to_station：查询的目的地
purpose_codes：不太清楚这个字段是用来做什么的，就默认吧

可以从我们递交的URL请求看出，我们输入的成都，深圳都变成了对应的编号，比如，成都（CDW）、深圳（SZQ），所以当我们程序进行输入的时候要进行一下处理，12306的一个地方存储着这些城市名与编码对应的文档：

[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971)

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站点编码对应
下面我们就编写一个小程序，将这些城市名与编号提取出来：

import re,requestsurl = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"response = requests.get(url,verify=False)#将车站的名字和编码进行提取chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)#进行交换chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))#打印出得到的车站字典print(chezhan_names)

得到的打印结果如下（只截取部分显示）：

{‘VAP': ‘北京北', ‘BOP': ‘北京东', ‘BJP': ‘北京', ‘VNP': ‘北京南', ‘BXP': ‘北京西', ‘IZQ':
‘广州南', ‘CUW': ‘重庆北', ‘CQW': ‘重庆', ‘CRW': ‘重庆南', ‘CXW': ‘重庆西', ‘GGQ': ‘广州东',
‘SHH': ‘上海', ‘SNH': ‘上海南', ‘AOH': ‘上海虹桥', ‘SXH': ‘上海西', ‘TBP': ‘天津北', ‘TJP':
‘天津', ‘TIP': ‘天津南', ‘TXP': ‘天津西', ‘XJA': ‘香港西九龙', ‘CCT': ‘长春', ‘CET': ‘长春南',
‘CRT': ‘长春西', ‘ICW': ‘成都东', ‘CNW': ‘成都南', ‘CDW': ‘成都', ‘CSQ': ‘长沙', ‘CWQ':
‘长沙南',}

接下来我们就动手开始程序的主要代码编写：

def main():date= input("请输入时间(如2019-01-22)：\n")from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点：\n")]to_station= chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点：\n")]url= "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"}url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"#print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的#request请求获取主页r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)r.raise_for_status()#如果发送了一个错误的请求，会抛出异常r.encoding = r.apparent_encodingshowTicket(r.text)

用户输入时间、起始站点、目的站点，然后通过get来请求，然后我们对返回的网页信息进行解析。我们现将上面代码的r.text进行打印，看看我们请求之后，返回了什么样的信息，然后决定我们应该如何解析

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运行结果
这样看着不方便，我们粘贴到记事本中，进行详细的分析：

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请求返回的结果信息
可以与12306显示的信息进行对比，K829是车次，CDW与BJQ是出发地和目的地，10:10是出发时间，06:13是到达时间，44:21是历时时间，20190123为查询的日期，剩下的就是一系列票的各种信息。
下面就是对这些返回的信息进行解析，其实这也是python爬虫的关键，就是解析！！！
我们先把信息转化为json格式，可以看到都是用“|”隔开的，那么我们就用split函数分割出来，下面是主要功能代码：

def showTicket(html):html = json.loads(html)table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"])for i in html['data']['result']:name = ["station_train_code","from_station_name","to_station_name","start_time","arrive_time","lishi","swz_num","zy_num","ze_num","dw_num","gr_num","rw_num","yw_num","rz_num","yz_num","wz_num","qt_num","note_num"]data = https://www.it610.com/article/{"station_train_code": '',"from_station_name": '',"to_station_name": '',"start_time": '',"arrive_time": '',"lishi": '',"swz_num": '',"zy_num": '',"ze_num": '',"dw_num": '',"gr_num": '',"rw_num": '',"yw_num": '',"rz_num": '',"yz_num": '',"wz_num": '',"qt_num": '',"note_num": ''}#将各项信息提取并赋值item = i.split('|')#使用“|”进行分割data["station_train_code"] = item[3]#获取车次信息，在3号位置data["from_station_name"]= item[6]#始发站信息在6号位置data["to_station_name"]= item[7]#终点站信息在7号位置data["start_time"]= item[8]#出发时间在8号位置data["arrive_time"]= item[9]#抵达时间在9号位置data["lishi"]= item[10]#经历时间在10号位置data["swz_num"]= item[32] or item[25] #特别注意，商务座在32或25位置data["zy_num"]= item[31]#一等座信息在31号位置data["ze_num"]= item[30]#二等座信息在30号位置data["gr_num"]= item[21]#高级软卧信息在21号位置data["rw_num"]= item[23]#软卧信息在23号位置data["dw_num"]= item[27]#动卧信息在27号位置data["yw_num"]= item[28]#硬卧信息在28号位置data["rz_num"]= item[24]#软座信息在24号位置data["yz_num"]= item[29]#硬座信息在29号位置data["wz_num"]= item[26]#无座信息在26号位置data["qt_num"]= item[22]#其他信息在22号位置data["note_num"]= item[1]#备注信息在1号位置color = Colored()data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])#如果没有信息，那么就用“-”代替for pos in name:if data[pos] == "":data[pos] = "-"tickets = []cont = []cont.append(data)for x in cont:tmp = []for y in name:if y == "from_station_name":s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])tmp.append(s)elif y == "to_station_name":s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])tmp.append(s)elif y == "start_time":s = color.green(data["start_time"])tmp.append(s)elif y == "arrive_time":s = color.red(data["arrive_time"])tmp.append(s)elif y == "station_train_code":s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])tmp.append(s)else:tmp.append(data[y])tickets.append(tmp)for ticket in tickets:table.add_row(ticket)print(table)

那么我们程序就成功啦！！！

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运行结果
但是在编译器里面Prettytable的格子没有对齐，不要担心，我们到终端运行一下脚本，就可以看到很好看的输出啦：

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终端运行结果

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完成！！！下面是完整代码
main.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import re,requests,datetime,time,jsonfrom prettytable import PrettyTablefrom colorama import init,Forefrom stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_namesinit(autoreset=False)class Colored(object):def yeah(self,s):return Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX + s + Fore.RESETdef green(self,s):return Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX + s + Fore.RESETdef yellow(self,s):return Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX + s + Fore.RESETdef white(self,s):return Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX + s + Fore.RESETdef blue(self,s):return Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX + s + Fore.RESETdef showTicket(html):html = json.loads(html)table = PrettyTable([" 车次 ","出发车站","到达车站","出发时间","到达时间"," 历时 ","商务座"," 一等座","二等座","高级软卧","软卧","动卧","硬卧","软座","硬座","无座","其他","备注"])for i in html['data']['result']:name = ["station_train_code","from_station_name","to_station_name","start_time","arrive_time","lishi","swz_num","zy_num","ze_num","dw_num","gr_num","rw_num","yw_num","rz_num","yz_num","wz_num","qt_num","note_num"]data = https://www.it610.com/article/{"station_train_code": '',"from_station_name": '',"to_station_name": '',"start_time": '',"arrive_time": '',"lishi": '',"swz_num": '',"zy_num": '',"ze_num": '',"dw_num": '',"gr_num": '',"rw_num": '',"yw_num": '',"rz_num": '',"yz_num": '',"wz_num": '',"qt_num": '',"note_num": ''}#将各项信息提取并赋值item = i.split('|')#使用“|”进行分割data["station_train_code"] = item[3]#获取车次信息，在3号位置data["from_station_name"]= item[6]#始发站信息在6号位置data["to_station_name"]= item[7]#终点站信息在7号位置data["start_time"]= item[8]#出发时间在8号位置data["arrive_time"]= item[9]#抵达时间在9号位置data["lishi"]= item[10]#经历时间在10号位置data["swz_num"]= item[32] or item[25] #特别注意，商务座在32或25位置data["zy_num"]= item[31]#一等座信息在31号位置data["ze_num"]= item[30]#二等座信息在30号位置data["gr_num"]= item[21]#高级软卧信息在21号位置data["rw_num"]= item[23]#软卧信息在23号位置data["dw_num"]= item[27]#动卧信息在27号位置data["yw_num"]= item[28]#硬卧信息在28号位置data["rz_num"]= item[24]#软座信息在24号位置data["yz_num"]= item[29]#硬座信息在29号位置data["wz_num"]= item[26]#无座信息在26号位置data["qt_num"]= item[22]#其他信息在22号位置data["note_num"]= item[1]#备注信息在1号位置color = Colored()data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])#如果没有信息，那么就用“-”代替for pos in name:if data[pos] == "":data[pos] = "-"tickets = []cont = []cont.append(data)for x in cont:tmp = []for y in name:if y == "from_station_name":s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])tmp.append(s)elif y == "to_station_name":s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])tmp.append(s)elif y == "start_time":s = color.green(data["start_time"])tmp.append(s)elif y == "arrive_time":s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"])tmp.append(s)elif y == "station_train_code":s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])tmp.append(s)else:tmp.append(data[y])tickets.append(tmp)for ticket in tickets:table.add_row(ticket)print(table)def main():date= input("请输入时间：\n")from_station = chezhan_code[input("请输入起始站点：\n")]to_station= chezhan_code[input("请输入目的站点：\n")]url= "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"}url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"&leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"&leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"&purpose_codes=ADULT"#print(url) 已经检查过生成的URL是正确的#request请求获取主页r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)r.raise_for_status()#如果发送了一个错误的请求，会抛出异常r.encoding = r.apparent_encodingshowTicket(r.text)#print(r.text)main()

stationinfo.py

import re,requestsurl = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"response = requests.get(url,verify=False)#将车站的名字和编码进行提取chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))#print(chezhan_names)

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