Python|Python 通过xpath属性爬取豆瓣热映的电影信息 Python通过xpath属性爬取豆瓣热映

前言
页面分析
实现过程

创建项目
Item定义
中间件操作定义
爬虫定义
数据管道定义
配置设置
执行验证

总结

前言声明一下：本文主要是研究使用，没有别的用途。
GitHub仓库地址：github项目仓库

页面分析主要爬取页面为:https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/
至于后面的地区，可以按照自己的需要改一下，不过多赘述了。页面需要点击一下展开全部影片，才能显示全部内容，不然只有15部。所以我们使用selenium的时候，需要加一个打开页面后的点击逻辑。页面图如下：

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通过F12展开的源码，用xpath helper工具验证一下右键复制下来的xpath路径。

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为了避免布局调整导致找不到，我把xpath改为通过class名获取。

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然后看看每个影片的信息。

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分析一下，是不是可以通过nowplaying的div，作为根节点，然后获取下面class为list-item的节点，里面的属性就是我们要的内容。

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没什么问题，那么就按照这个思路开始创建项目编码吧。

实现过程
创建项目
创建一个较douban_playing的项目，使用scrapy命令。

scrapy startproject douban_playing

Item定义
定义电影信息实体。

# Define here the models for your scraped items## See documentation in:# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html import scrapy class DoubanPlayingItem(scrapy.Item):# define the fields for your item here like:# name = scrapy.Field()# 电影名title = scrapy.Field()# 电影分数score = scrapy.Field()# 电影发行年份release = scrapy.Field()# 电影时长duration = scrapy.Field()# 地区region = scrapy.Field()# 电影导演director = scrapy.Field()# 电影主演actors = scrapy.Field()

中间件操作定义
主要是点击展开全部影片，需要加一段代码。

# Define here the models for your spider middleware## See documentation in:# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.htmlimport time from scrapy import signals # useful for handling different item types with a single interfacefrom itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapterfrom scrapy.http import HtmlResponsefrom selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException class DoubanPlayingSpiderMiddleware:# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,# scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the# passed objects. @classmethoddef from_crawler(cls, crawler):# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.s = cls()crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)return s def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):# Called for each response that goes through the spider# middleware and into the spider. # Should return None or raise an exception.return None def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):# Called with the results returned from the Spider, after# it has processed the response. # Must return an iterable of Request, or item objects.for i in result:yield i def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):# Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method# (from other spider middleware) raises an exception. # Should return either None or an iterable of Request or item objects.pass def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):# Called with the start requests of the spider, and works# similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except# that it doesn't have a response associated. # Must return only requests (not items).for r in start_requests:yield r def spider_opened(self, spider):spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name) class DoubanPlayingDownloaderMiddleware:# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,# scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the# passed objects. @classmethoddef from_crawler(cls, crawler):# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.s = cls()crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)return s def process_request(self, request, spider):# Called for each request that goes through the downloader# middleware. # Must either:# - return None: continue processing this request# - or return a Response object# - or return a Request object# - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of#installed downloader middleware will be called# return Nonetry:spider.browser.get(request.url)spider.browser.maximize_window()time.sleep(2)spider.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='more']").click()# ActionChains(spider.browser).click(searchButtonElement)time.sleep(5)return HtmlResponse(url=spider.browser.current_url, body=spider.browser.page_source,encoding="utf-8", request=request)except TimeoutException as e:print('超时异常:{}'.format(e))spider.browser.execute_script('window.stop()')finally:spider.browser.close() def process_response(self, request, response, spider):# Called with the response returned from the downloader. # Must either; # - return a Response object# - return a Request object# - or raise IgnoreRequestreturn response def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):# Called when a download handler or a process_request()# (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception. # Must either:# - return None: continue processing this exception# - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain# - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chainpass def spider_opened(self, spider):spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

爬虫定义
按照属性名，我们取出所有的影片信息。注意取出属性的写法。

#!/user/bin/env python# coding=utf-8"""@project : douban_playing@author: huyi@file: douban_playing.py@ide: PyCharm@time: 2021-11-10 16:31:23""" import scrapyfrom selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options from douban_playing.items import DoubanPlayingItem class DoubanPlayingSpider(scrapy.Spider):name = 'dbp'# allowed_domains = ['blog.csdn.net']start_urls = ['https://movie.douban.com/cinema/nowplaying/nanjing/']nowplaying = "//*[@id='nowplaying']/div[@class='mod-bd']//*[@class='list-item']/@{}"properties = ['data-title', 'data-score', 'data-release', 'data-duration', 'data-region', 'data-director','data-actors'] def __init__(self):chrome_options = Options()chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')# 使用无头谷歌浏览器模式chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')self.browser = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options,executable_path="E:\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe")self.browser.set_page_load_timeout(30) def parse(self, response, **kwargs):titles = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[0])).extract()scores = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[1])).extract()releases = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[2])).extract()durations = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[3])).extract()regions = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[4])).extract()directors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[5])).extract()actors = response.xpath(self.nowplaying.format(self.properties[6])).extract()for x in range(len(titles)):item = DoubanPlayingItem()item['title'] = titles[x]item['score'] = scores[x]item['release'] = releases[x]item['duration'] = durations[x]item['region'] = regions[x]item['director'] = directors[x]item['actors'] = actors[x]yield item

数据管道定义
还是老样子，把取出的电影数据按照格式输出在文本中。

# Define your item pipelines here## Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting# See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html # useful for handling different item types with a single interfacefrom itemadapter import ItemAdapter class DoubanPlayingPipeline:def __init__(self):self.file = open('result.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') def process_item(self, item, spider):self.file.write("电影:{}\t分数:{}\t发行年份:{}\t电影时长:{}\t地区:{}\t电影导演:{}\t电影主演:{}\n".format(item['title'],item['score'],item['release'],item['duration'],item['region'],item['director'],item['actors']))return item def close_spider(self, spider):self.file.close()

配置设置
都是一些常规的，放开几个默认配置就行。

# Scrapy settings for douban_playing project## For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:##https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html BOT_NAME = 'douban_playing' SPIDER_MODULES = ['douban_playing.spiders']NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douban_playing.spiders' # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent#USER_AGENT = 'douban_playing (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0' # Obey robots.txt rulesROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay# See also autothrottle settings and docs#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3# The download delay setting will honor only one of:#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)COOKIES_ENABLED = False # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False # Override the default request headers:DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml; q=0.9,*/*; q=0.8','Accept-Language': 'en','User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/27.0.1453.94 Safari/537.36'} # Enable or disable spider middlewares# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.htmlSPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {'douban_playing.middlewares.DoubanPlayingSpiderMiddleware': 543,} # Enable or disable downloader middlewares# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.htmlDOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {'douban_playing.middlewares.DoubanPlayingDownloaderMiddleware': 543,} # Enable or disable extensions# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html#EXTENSIONS = {#'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,#} # Configure item pipelines# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.htmlITEM_PIPELINES = {'douban_playing.pipelines.DoubanPlayingPipeline': 300,} # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True# The initial download delay#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to# each remote server#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

执行验证
还是老样子，不直接使用scrapy命令，构造一个py执行cmd。注意该py的位置。