如何列出在Ubuntu 16.04上安装的所有软件包

在生产环境中, 你将需要在服务器上安装许多组件, 以确保你的应用正常运行。可惜的是, 在已经安装了某个组件的情况下运行某些组件的install命令可能会导致该组件的配置错误, 因此你的应用程序可能无法按预期运行。
最简单的解决方案是在安装甚至升级之前, 先了解系统上已安装了哪些软件包。你可以在Ubuntu 16.04中使用以下命令轻松完成此操作：

apt list --installed

这将生成详细输出, 并在终端上显示已安装软件包的列表：

Listing... Doneaccountsservice/xenial-updates, now 0.6.40-2ubuntu11.3 amd64 [installed]acl/xenial, now 2.2.52-3 amd64 [installed]acpid/xenial, now 1:2.0.26-1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]adduser/xenial, xenial, now 3.113+nmu3ubuntu4 all [installed]ansible/xenial, xenial, now 2.6.0-1ppa~xenial all [installed]ant/xenial, xenial, now 1.9.6-1ubuntu1 all [installed]ant-optional/xenial, xenial, now 1.9.6-1ubuntu1 all [installed, automatic]apache2/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]apache2-bin/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]apache2-data/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 all [installed, automatic]apache2-utils/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.4.18-2ubuntu3.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]apparmor/xenial-updates, now 2.10.95-0ubuntu2.9 amd64 [installed]apport/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.18 all [installed]apport-symptoms/xenial, xenial, now 0.20 all [installed]apt/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]apt-transport-https/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]apt-utils/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]aptitude/xenial, now 0.7.4-2ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]aptitude-common/xenial, xenial, now 0.7.4-2ubuntu2 all [installed, automatic]at/xenial, now 3.1.18-2ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]base-files/xenial-updates, now 9.4ubuntu4.6 amd64 [installed]base-passwd/xenial, now 3.5.39 amd64 [installed]bash/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 4.3-14ubuntu1.2 amd64 [installed]bash-completion/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:2.1-4.2ubuntu1.1 all [installed]bcache-tools/xenial, now 1.0.8-2 amd64 [installed]bind9-host/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed]binutils/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.26.1-1ubuntu1~16.04.6 amd64 [installed, automatic]bsdmainutils/xenial, now 9.0.6ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]bsdutils/xenial-updates, now 1:2.27.1-6ubuntu3.4 amd64 [installed]btrfs-tools/xenial-updates, now 4.4-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]build-essential/xenial, now 12.1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]busybox-initramfs/xenial, now 1:1.22.0-15ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]busybox-static/xenial, now 1:1.22.0-15ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]byobu/xenial, xenial, now 5.106-0ubuntu1 all [installed]bzip2/xenial, now 1.0.6-8 amd64 [installed]ca-certificates/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 20170717~16.04.1 all [installed]ca-certificates-java/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 20160321ubuntu1 all [installed, automatic]cloud-guest-utils/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.27-0ubuntu25.1 all [installed]cloud-initramfs-copymods/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.27ubuntu1.5 all [installed]cloud-initramfs-dyn-netconf/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.27ubuntu1.5 all [installed]console-setup/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.108ubuntu15.4 all [installed]console-setup-linux/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.108ubuntu15.4 all [installed]coreutils/xenial-updates, now 8.25-2ubuntu3~16.04 amd64 [installed]cpio/xenial, now 2.11+dfsg-5ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]cpp/xenial, now 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]cpp-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]crda/xenial, now 3.13-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]cron/xenial, now 3.0pl1-128ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]cryptsetup/xenial-updates, now 2:1.6.6-5ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]cryptsetup-bin/xenial-updates, now 2:1.6.6-5ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]curl/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 7.47.0-1ubuntu2.8 amd64 [installed]dash/xenial, now 0.5.8-2.1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]dbus/xenial-updates, now 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.3 amd64 [installed]debconf/xenial, xenial, now 1.5.58ubuntu1 all [installed]debconf-i18n/xenial, xenial, now 1.5.58ubuntu1 all [installed]debianutils/xenial, now 4.7 amd64 [installed]default-jre-headless/xenial, now 2:1.8-56ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]dh-python/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 2.20151103ubuntu1.1 all [installed]diffutils/xenial, now 1:3.3-3 amd64 [installed]distro-info-data/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 0.28ubuntu0.8 all [installed]dkms/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 2.2.0.3-2ubuntu11.5 all [installed]dmeventd/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]dmidecode/xenial-updates, now 3.0-2ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]dmsetup/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]dns-root-data/xenial, xenial, now 2015052300+h+1 all [installed]dnsmasq-base/xenial-updates, now 2.75-1ubuntu0.16.04.4 amd64 [installed]dnsutils/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed]dosfstools/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 3.0.28-2ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]dpkg/xenial-updates, now 1.18.4ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed]dpkg-dev/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.18.4ubuntu1.4 all [installed, automatic]e2fslibs/xenial, now 1.42.13-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]e2fsprogs/xenial, now 1.42.13-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]ed/xenial, now 1.10-2 amd64 [installed]eject/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.1.5+deb1+cvs20081104-13.1ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]ethtool/xenial, now 1:4.5-1 amd64 [installed]fakeroot/xenial, now 1.20.2-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]file/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:5.25-2ubuntu1.1 amd64 [installed]findutils/xenial, now 4.6.0+git+20160126-2 amd64 [installed]fontconfig-config/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 2.11.94-0ubuntu1.1 all [installed, automatic]fonts-dejavu-core/xenial, xenial, now 2.35-1 all [installed, automatic]ftp/xenial, now 0.17-33 amd64 [installed]fuse/xenial-updates, now 2.9.4-1ubuntu3.1 amd64 [installed]g++/xenial, now 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]g++-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]gawk/xenial, now 1:4.1.3+dfsg-0.1 amd64 [installed]gcc/xenial, now 4:5.3.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]gcc-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]gcc-5-base/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed]gcc-6-base/xenial, now 6.0.1-0ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]geoip-database/xenial, xenial, now 20160408-1 all [installed]gettext-base/xenial, now 0.19.7-2ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]gir1.2-glib-2.0/xenial, now 1.46.0-3ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]git/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:2.7.4-0ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed]git-man/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, xenial-security, xenial-security, now 1:2.7.4-0ubuntu1.4 all [installed]gnupg/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1.4.20-1ubuntu3.2 amd64 [installed]gpgv/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1.4.20-1ubuntu3.2 amd64 [installed]grep/xenial-updates, now 2.25-1~16.04.1 amd64 [installed]groff-base/xenial, now 1.22.3-7 amd64 [installed]grub-common/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed]grub-gfxpayload-lists/xenial, now 0.7 amd64 [installed, automatic]grub-legacy-ec2/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 18.2-4-g05926e48-0ubuntu1~16.04.2 all [installed]grub-pc/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed]grub-pc-bin/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed, automatic]grub2-common/xenial-updates, now 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3.18 amd64 [installed, automatic]gyp/xenial, xenial, now 0.1+20150913git1f374df9-1ubuntu1 all [installed, automatic]gzip/xenial, now 1.6-4ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]hdparm/xenial-updates, now 9.48+ds-1ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]hostname/xenial, now 3.16ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]htop/xenial-updates, now 2.0.1-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]ifenslave/xenial, xenial, now 2.7ubuntu1 all [installed]ifupdown/xenial-updates, now 0.8.10ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed]info/xenial, now 6.1.0.dfsg.1-5 amd64 [installed]init/xenial-updates, now 1.29ubuntu4 amd64 [installed]init-system-helpers/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.29ubuntu4 all [installed]initramfs-tools/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.122ubuntu8.11 all [installed]initramfs-tools-bin/xenial-updates, now 0.122ubuntu8.11 amd64 [installed]initramfs-tools-core/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.122ubuntu8.11 all [installed]initscripts/xenial, now 2.88dsf-59.3ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]insserv/xenial, now 1.14.0-5ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]install-info/xenial, now 6.1.0.dfsg.1-5 amd64 [installed]iproute2/xenial-updates, now 4.3.0-1ubuntu3.16.04.3 amd64 [installed]iptables/xenial, now 1.6.0-2ubuntu3 amd64 [installed]iputils-ping/xenial, now 3:20121221-5ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]iputils-tracepath/xenial, now 3:20121221-5ubuntu2 amd64 [installed]irqbalance/xenial, now 1.1.0-2ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]isc-dhcp-client/xenial-updates, now 4.3.3-5ubuntu12.10 amd64 [installed]isc-dhcp-common/xenial-updates, now 4.3.3-5ubuntu12.10 amd64 [installed]iso-codes/xenial, xenial, now 3.65-1 all [installed, automatic]iw/xenial, now 3.17-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]java-common/xenial, xenial, now 0.56ubuntu2 all [installed, automatic]javascript-common/xenial, xenial, now 11 all [installed, automatic]kbd/xenial-updates, now 1.15.5-1ubuntu5 amd64 [installed]keyboard-configuration/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.108ubuntu15.4 all [installed]keyutils/xenial, now 1.5.9-8ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]klibc-utils/xenial-updates, now 2.0.4-8ubuntu1.16.04.4 amd64 [installed]kmod/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 22-1ubuntu5 amd64 [installed]krb5-locales/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.13.2+dfsg-5ubuntu2 all [installed]language-pack-en/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20161009 all [installed]language-pack-en-base/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20160627 all [installed, automatic]language-pack-gnome-en/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20161009 all [installed]language-pack-gnome-en-base/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:16.04+20160627 all [installed, automatic]language-selector-common/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 0.165.4 all [installed]less/xenial-updates, now 481-2.1ubuntu0.2 amd64 [installed]libaccountsservice0/xenial-updates, now 0.6.40-2ubuntu11.3 amd64 [installed, automatic]libacl1/xenial, now 2.2.52-3 amd64 [installed]libaio1/xenial, now 0.3.110-2 amd64 [installed, automatic]libalgorithm-diff-perl/xenial, xenial, now 1.19.03-1 all [installed, automatic]libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl/xenial, now 0.04-4build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libalgorithm-merge-perl/xenial, xenial, now 0.08-3 all [installed, automatic]libapache2-mod-php5.6/xenial, now 5.6.36-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]libapache2-mod-php7.0/xenial, now 7.0.30-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]libapache2-mod-php7.1/xenial, now 7.1.18-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]libapache2-mod-php7.2/xenial, now 7.2.7-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed]libapparmor-perl/xenial-updates, now 2.10.95-0ubuntu2.9 amd64 [installed]libapparmor1/xenial-updates, now 2.10.95-0ubuntu2.9 amd64 [installed]libapr1/xenial, now 1.5.2-3 amd64 [installed, automatic]libaprutil1/xenial, now 1.5.4-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3/xenial, now 1.5.4-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libaprutil1-ldap/xenial, now 1.5.4-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libapt-inst2.0/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]libapt-pkg5.0/xenial-updates, now 1.2.26 amd64 [installed]libargon2-0/xenial, now 0~20161029-1+ubuntu16.04.1+deb.sury.org+1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libasan2/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libasn1-8-heimdal/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1.7~git20150920+dfsg-4ubuntu1.16.04.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libasprintf0v5/xenial, now 0.19.7-2ubuntu3 amd64 [installed, automatic]libatm1/xenial, now 1:2.5.1-1.5 amd64 [installed]libatomic1/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libattr1/xenial, now 1:2.4.47-2 amd64 [installed]libaudit-common/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1:2.4.5-1ubuntu2.1 all [installed]libaudit1/xenial-updates, now 1:2.4.5-1ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]libavahi-client3/xenial-updates, now 0.6.32~rc+dfsg-1ubuntu2.2 amd64 [installed, automatic]libavahi-common-data/xenial-updates, now 0.6.32~rc+dfsg-1ubuntu2.2 amd64 [installed, automatic]libavahi-common3/xenial-updates, now 0.6.32~rc+dfsg-1ubuntu2.2 amd64 [installed, automatic]libbind9-140/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libblkid1/xenial-updates, now 2.27.1-6ubuntu3.4 amd64 [installed]libboost-iostreams1.58.0/xenial-updates, now 1.58.0+dfsg-5ubuntu3.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libbsd0/xenial, now 0.8.2-1 amd64 [installed]libbz2-1.0/xenial, now 1.0.6-8 amd64 [installed]libc-bin/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]libc-dev-bin/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libc6/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]libc6-dev/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.23-0ubuntu10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libcap-ng0/xenial, now 0.7.7-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libcap2/xenial, now 1:2.24-12 amd64 [installed]libcap2-bin/xenial, now 1:2.24-12 amd64 [installed]libcc1-0/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libcgi-fast-perl/xenial, xenial, now 1:2.10-1 all [installed, automatic]libcgi-pm-perl/xenial, xenial, now 4.26-1 all [installed, automatic]libcilkrts5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libclass-accessor-perl/xenial, xenial, now 0.34-1 all [installed, automatic]libcomerr2/xenial, now 1.42.13-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]libcryptsetup4/xenial-updates, now 2:1.6.6-5ubuntu2.1 amd64 [installed]libcups2/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.1.3-4ubuntu0.4 amd64 [installed, automatic]libcurl3/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 7.47.0-1ubuntu2.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]libcurl3-gnutls/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 7.47.0-1ubuntu2.8 amd64 [installed, automatic]libcwidget3v5/xenial, now 0.5.17-4ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]libdb5.3/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 5.3.28-11ubuntu0.1 amd64 [installed]libdbus-1-3/xenial-updates, now 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.3 amd64 [installed, automatic]libdbus-glib-1-2/xenial, now 0.106-1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libdebconfclient0/xenial, now 0.198ubuntu1 amd64 [installed]libdevmapper-event1.02.1/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]libdevmapper1.02.1/xenial, now 2:1.02.110-1ubuntu10 amd64 [installed]libdns-export162/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed]libdns162/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 1:9.10.3.dfsg.P4-8ubuntu1.10 amd64 [installed, automatic]libdpkg-perl/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 1.18.4ubuntu1.4 all [installed, automatic]libdrm-common/xenial-updates, xenial-updates, now 2.4.83-1~16.04.1 all [installed, automatic]libdrm2/xenial-updates, now 2.4.83-1~16.04.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libdumbnet1/xenial, now 1.12-7 amd64 [installed]libedit2/xenial, now 3.1-20150325-1ubuntu2 amd64 [installed, automatic]libelf1/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 0.165-3ubuntu1.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libencode-locale-perl/xenial, xenial, now 1.05-1 all [installed, automatic]liberror-perl/xenial, xenial, now 0.17-1.2 all [installed]libestr0/xenial, now 0.1.10-1 amd64 [installed]libevent-2.0-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.0.21-stable-2ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed]libevent-core-2.0-5/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.0.21-stable-2ubuntu0.16.04.1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libexpat1/xenial-updates, xenial-security, now 2.1.0-7ubuntu0.16.04.3 amd64 [installed]libfakeroot/xenial, now 1.20.2-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libfcgi-perl/xenial, now 0.77-1build1 amd64 [installed, automatic]libfdisk1/xenial-updates, now 2.27.1-6ubuntu3.4 amd64 [installed]libffi6/xenial, now 3.2.1-4 amd64 [installed]

根据此输出, 你将能够安装或升级所需的内容, 而不会进行任何错误配置。
【如何列出在Ubuntu 16.04上安装的所有软件包】编码愉快！