认识Java项目开发效率工具 Lombok

不飞则已,一飞冲天;不鸣则已,一鸣惊人。这篇文章主要讲述认识Java项目开发效率工具 Lombok相关的知识,希望能为你提供帮助。
引言
在通常的java项目中,充斥着太多不友好的代码:POJO的getter/setter/toString;异常处理;I/O流的关闭操作等等,这些样板代码既没有技术含量,又影响着代码的美观,Lombok应运而生。
而 IDEA 2020 版本中,已经内置了Lombok插件,SpringBoot 2.1.x之后的版本也在Starter中内置了Lombok依赖。今天来讲讲Lombok的使用,看看它有何神奇之处!
Lombok的安装配置
使用 Lombok 之前我们先要在所使用的 IDE 中进行集成安装,这里以 IDEA 为例,安装步骤十分简单:

  • 前往 File -& gt; Settings -& gt; Plugin -& gt; Marketplace ,搜索 Lombok,并安装
    认识Java项目开发效率工具 Lombok

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  • 选择搜索结果 Lombok ,点击 Install 安装。
  • 安装完成后重启即可。
在 IDE 安装了 Lombok 插件后,我们就可以在 pom.xml 文件中添加 Lombok 的依赖进行使用了。
< dependency> < groupId> org.projectlombok< /groupId> < artifactId> lombok< /artifactId> < optional> true< /optional> < /dependency>

Lombok的常用注解
1. @Data@Data 是一个方便使用的组合注解,是 @ToString@EqualsAndHashCode@Getter@Setter@RequiredArgsConstructor 的组合体。
@Data public class DemoUser { private String userId; private String userName; private String userAge; }

编译后Lombok会生成如下代码:
public class DemoUser { private String userId; private String userName; private String userAge; public DemoUser() { }public String getUserId() { return this.userId; }public String getUserName() { return this.userName; }public String getUserAge() { return this.userAge; }public void setUserId(String userId) { this.userId = userId; }public void setUserName(String userName) { this.userName = userName; }public void setUserAge(String userAge) { this.userAge = userAge; }public boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) { return true; } else if (!(o instanceof DemoUser)) { return false; } else { DemoUser other = (DemoUser)o; if (!other.canEqual(this)) { return false; } else { label47: { Object this$userId = this.getUserId(); Object other$userId = other.getUserId(); if (this$userId == null) { if (other$userId == null) { break label47; } } else if (this$userId.equals(other$userId)) { break label47; }return false; }Object this$userName = this.getUserName(); Object other$userName = other.getUserName(); if (this$userName == null) { if (other$userName != null) { return false; } } else if (!this$userName.equals(other$userName)) { return false; }Object this$userAge = this.getUserAge(); Object other$userAge = other.getUserAge(); if (this$userAge == null) { if (other$userAge != null) { return false; } } else if (!this$userAge.equals(other$userAge)) { return false; }return true; } } }protected boolean canEqual(Object other) { return other instanceof DemoUser; }public int hashCode() { int PRIME = true; int result = 1; Object $userId = this.getUserId(); int result = result * 59 + ($userId == null ? 43 : $userId.hashCode()); Object $userName = this.getUserName(); result = result * 59 + ($userName == null ? 43 : $userName.hashCode()); Object $userAge = this.getUserAge(); result = result * 59 + ($userAge == null ? 43 : $userAge.hashCode()); return result; }public String toString() { return "DemoUser(userId=" + this.getUserId() + ", userName=" + this.getUserName() + ", userAge=" + this.getUserAge() + ")"; } }

2.@Value使用 @Value 注解可以把类声明为不可变的,声明后此类相当于 final 类,无法被继承,其属性也会变成 final 属性。
@Value public class DemoUser { private final String userId; private final String userName; private final String userAge; }

编译后Lombok会生成如下代码:
public final class DemoUser { private final String userId; private final String userName; private final String userAge; public DemoUser(String userId, String userName, String userAge) { this.userId = userId; this.userName = userName; this.userAge = userAge; }public String getUserId() { return this.userId; }public String getUserName() { return this.userName; }public String getUserAge() { return this.userAge; }public boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) { return true; } else if (!(o instanceof DemoUser)) { return false; } else { DemoUser other; label44: { other = (DemoUser)o; Object this$userId = this.getUserId(); Object other$userId = other.getUserId(); if (this$userId == null) { if (other$userId == null) { break label44; } } else if (this$userId.equals(other$userId)) { break label44; }return false; }Object this$userName = this.getUserName(); Object other$userName = other.getUserName(); if (this$userName == null) { if (other$userName != null) { return false; } } else if (!this$userName.equals(other$userName)) { return false; }Object this$userAge = this.getUserAge(); Object other$userAge = other.getUserAge(); if (this$userAge == null) { if (other$userAge != null) { return false; } } else if (!this$userAge.equals(other$userAge)) { return false; }return true; } }public int hashCode() { int PRIME = true; int result = 1; Object $userId = this.getUserId(); int result = result * 59 + ($userId == null ? 43 : $userId.hashCode()); Object $userName = this.getUserName(); result = result * 59 + ($userName == null ? 43 : $userName.hashCode()); Object $userAge = this.getUserAge(); result = result * 59 + ($userAge == null ? 43 : $userAge.hashCode()); return result; }public String toString() { return "DemoUser(userId=" + this.getUserId() + ", userName=" + this.getUserName() + ", userAge=" + this.getUserAge() + ")"; } }

3.@Slf4j使用 Lombok 生成日志对象时,根据使用日志实现的不同,有多种注解可以使用。比如 @Log@Log4j@Log4j2@Slf4j等。
@Value public class DemoUser { private final String userId; private final String userName; private final String userAge; }

编译后Lombok会生成如下代码:
public class DemoUser { private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DemoUser.class); private String userId; private String userName; private String userAge; public DemoUser() { } }

4.@Builder使用 @Builder 注解可以通过建造者模式来创建对象,建造者模式加链式调用,创建对象非常方便。
@Builder public class DemoUser { private final String userId; private final String userName; private final String userAge; }

编译后Lombok会生成如下代码:
public class DemoUser { private final String userId; private final String userName; private final String userAge; DemoUser(String userId, String userName, String userAge) { this.userId = userId; this.userName = userName; this.userAge = userAge; }public static DemoUser.DemoUserBuilder builder() { return new DemoUser.DemoUserBuilder(); }public static class DemoUserBuilder { private String userId; private String userName; private String userAge; DemoUserBuilder() { }public DemoUser.DemoUserBuilder userId(String userId) { this.userId = userId; return this; }public DemoUser.DemoUserBuilder userName(String userName) { this.userName = userName; return this; }public DemoUser.DemoUserBuilder userAge(String userAge) { this.userAge = userAge; return this; }public DemoUser build() { return new DemoUser(this.userId, this.userName, this.userAge); }public String toString() { return "DemoUser.DemoUserBuilder(userId=" + this.userId + ", userName=" + this.userName + ", userAge=" + this.userAge + ")"; } } }

Lombok的原理
如果IDEA不安装Lombok插件的话,我们打开使用Lombok的项目是无法通过编译的。装了以后IDEA才会提示我们Lombok为我们生成的方法和属性。
使用了@Data注解以后,查看类结构可以发现getter、setter、toString等方法。
自Java 6起,javac开始支持JSR 269 Pluggable Annotation Processing API规范,只要程序实现了该API,就能在java源码编译时调用定义的注解。举例来讲,如今有一个实现了" JSR 269 API" 的程序A,那么使用javac编译源码的时候具体流程以下:
  1. javac对源代码进行分析,生成一棵抽象语法树(AST);插件
  2. 运行过程当中调用实现了" JSR 269 API" 的A程序;
  3. 此时A程序就能够完成它本身的逻辑,包括修改第一步骤获得的抽象语法树(AST);
  4. javac使用修改后的抽象语法树(AST)生成字节码文件;
    详细的流程图以下:
    认识Java项目开发效率工具 Lombok

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    【认识Java项目开发效率工具 Lombok】从上面的Lombok执行的流程图中能够看出,在Javac 解析成AST抽象语法树以后, Lombok 根据本身编写的注解处理器,动态地修改 AST,增长新的节点(即Lombok自定义注解所须要生成的代码),最终经过分析生成JVM可执行的字节码Class文件。使用AnnotationProcessing自定义注解是在编译阶段进行修改,而jdk的反射技术是在运行时动态修改,二者相比,反射虽然更加灵活一些可是带来的性能损耗更加大。
Lombok的缺点
  • 在开发工具中,使用Lombok注解省略的方法在被调用时,会报找不到定义的错误,此种状况下,须要作些特殊处理;
  • 使用Lombok虽然可以省去手动建立settergetter等方法的麻烦,可是却大大下降了源码的可读性和完整性,下降了阅读源代码的温馨度。

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