Flutter Provider状态管理框架

一、简介 在Flutter开发中,或多或少的都会设计到页面的多状态管理,如果大家对Flutter技术比较熟悉的话,那么应该知道下面的一些状态管理框架,像Bloc,Getx我都用过,整体来说再状态管理不是很复杂的情况下还是可以的。
Flutter Provider状态管理框架
文章图片

接下来,我们来看一下Flutter官方推荐的状态管理框架Provider是如何使用的。Flutter 针对不同类型对象提供了多种不同的 Provider;Provider 也是借助了 InheritWidget,将共享状态放到顶层 MaterialApp 之上;

  • setState能刷新widget子树,刷新范围太大,并且需要把数据对象传递到子类。
  • InheritedWidget不用传递数据对象,通过context.dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType(); 获取父类的数据。但是刷新范围大,只能由上而下传递。
  • Provider可以实现局部刷新。只要数据对象改变,UI能自动变化,实现响应式编程。屏蔽刷新逻辑,实现响应式数据与UI的绑定。无论是子类或父类改变数据都能刷新绑定的UI。
Flutter Provider状态管理框架
文章图片

二、基本使用 使用之前,需要先在pubspec.yaml添加provider
dependencies: flutter: sdk: flutterprovider: ^6.0.2

2.1 Provider基本使用 Provider是一款基于数据流的观察者模式,使用的第一步就是新建一个继承自ChangeNotifier的数据管理类。下面,我们来看一下官方的例子使用Provider方式如何实现。
import 'package:flutter/cupertino.dart'; class CountProviderModel extends ChangeNotifier {int _count = 0; int get count => _count; void increment() { print("increment"); _count++; notifyListeners(); } }

在CountProviderModel类中,我们定义了有一个数据增加的方法,最后还调用notifyListeners发送通知。接着,我们新建一个测试页面,该页面的根部使用ChangeNotifierProvider组件进行包裹,需要刷新的地方使用Consumer组件进行包裹,用于消费
import 'package:flutter/cupertino.dart'; import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; import 'package:provider/provider.dart'; import 'count_provider.dart'; class ProviderPage extends StatelessWidget {const ProviderPage({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return ChangeNotifierProvider( create: (_) => CountProviderModel(), builder: (context, child) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: const Text("ProviderPage"), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'), Consumer( builder: (context, notifier, child) { return Text("${notifier.count}",style: const TextStyle( fontSize: 24, ), ); }, ), ], ), ), floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton( onPressed: () => context.read().increment(), tooltip: 'Increment', child: const Icon(Icons.add), ), ); }, ); } }

最后,我们修改一下Flutter项目的入口main文件。
// 改写 main.dart import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; import 'package:stateresearch/pages/ProviderPage.dart'; void main() { runApp(MyApp()); }class MyApp extends StatelessWidget { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return MaterialApp( title: 'Flutter状态管理', theme: ThemeData( primarySwatch: Colors.blue, visualDensity: VisualDensity.adaptivePlatformDensity, ), home: ProviderPage(), ); } }

重新运行项目,点击右下角的按钮时数字就会自动加。
2.2 跨页面状态共享 作为一个全局的状态管理框架,跨页面的状态共享是必须的,为了方便说明,我们再新建两个页面ProviderPageTwo和ProviderPageThree,对应的代码如下:
ProviderPageTwo.dart
import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; import 'package:flutter_app/provider_three_page.dart'; import 'package:provider/provider.dart'; import 'count_provider.dart'; class ProviderPageTwo extends StatelessWidget {const ProviderPageTwo({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: const Text("ProviderPageTwo"), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'), Consumer( builder: (context, notifier, child) { return Text("${notifier.count}",style: const TextStyle( fontSize: 24, )); }, ), ], ), ), floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton( onPressed: () { context.read().increment(); // 2秒后跳转至新的页面 Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 2), () { Navigator.of(context).push(MaterialPageRoute(builder: (BuildContext context) { return ProviderPageThree(); })); }); }, tooltip: 'Increment', child: const Icon(Icons.add), ), ); } }

ProviderPageThree.dart
import 'package:flutter/cupertino.dart'; import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; import 'package:provider/provider.dart'; import 'count_provider.dart'; class ProviderPageThree extends StatelessWidget { const ProviderPageThree({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: const Text("ProviderPageThree"), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'), Consumer( builder: (context, notifier, child) { return Text("${notifier.count}",style: const TextStyle( fontSize: 24, )); }, ), ], ), ), floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton( onPressed: () => Provider.of(context, listen: false).increment(), tooltip: 'Increment', child: const Icon(Icons.add), ), ); } }

接着,我们在App顶层进行全局监听,因此,其他页面无需 ChangeNotifierProvider也可以获取 Model。
void main() { runApp(ChangeNotifierProvider( create: (_) => CountProviderModel(), child: MyApp(), ),); }class MyApp extends StatelessWidget { const MyApp({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return MaterialApp( title: 'Flutter Demo', theme: ThemeData( primarySwatch: Colors.blue, ), home:ProviderPageTwo(), ); } }

2.3 多Model全局共享 除了前面的两种使用场景,Provider还支持多Model的状态共享。首先,我们再新建一个ProviderModel类。
import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; class ListProviderModel extends ChangeNotifier {final List _list = []; List get list => _list; void push(String value) { _list.add(value); notifyListeners(); } }

然后,我们修改ProviderPageTwo和ProviderPageThree两个页面,对应的代码如下:
ProviderPageTwo.dart
import 'dart:math'; import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; import 'package:flutter_app/provider_three_page.dart'; import 'package:provider/provider.dart'; import 'count_provider.dart'; import 'list_provider.dart'; class ProviderPageTwo extends StatelessWidget {const ProviderPageTwo({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: const Text("ProviderPageTwo"), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'), Consumer( builder: (context, notifier, child) { return Text("${notifier.count}"); }, ), ], ), ), floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton( onPressed: () { context.read().increment(); context.read().push("List-${Random().nextInt(10)}"); Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 2), () { Navigator.of(context).push(MaterialPageRoute(builder: (BuildContext context) { return const ProviderPageThree(); })); }); }, tooltip: 'Increment', child: Icon(Icons.add), ), ); } }

ProviderPageThree.dart
import 'package:flutter/cupertino.dart'; import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; import 'package:provider/provider.dart'; import 'count_provider.dart'; import 'list_provider.dart'; class ProviderPageThree extends StatelessWidget { const ProviderPageThree({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: const Text("ProviderPageThree"), ), body: Center( child: Column( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center, children: [ const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'), Consumer( builder: (context, notifier, child) { return Text("${notifier.count}"); }, ), Consumer( builder: (context, notifier, child) { return Text("${notifier.list}"); }, ), ], ), ), floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton( onPressed: () => Provider.of(context, listen: false).increment(), tooltip: 'Increment', child: const Icon(Icons.add), ), ); } }

最后,我们修改main入口文件的代码,使用MultiProvider 包裹多个Model,如下。
void main() { runApp( MultiProvider( providers: [ ChangeNotifierProvider(create: (_) => CountProviderModel()), ChangeNotifierProvider(create: (_) => ListProviderModel()), ], child: const MyApp(), ), ); }class MyApp extends StatelessWidget { const MyApp({Key? key}) : super(key: key); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { return MaterialApp( title: 'Flutter Demo', theme: ThemeData( primarySwatch: Colors.blue, ), home:ProviderPageTwo(), ); } }

三、总结 通过前面的例子可以看到,使用Provider时我们需要先新建一个Model对象,它继承自ChangeNotifier,是一个被观察的对象,当Model对象改变时需要调用notifyListeners通知观察者刷新。下面是ChangeNotifier的源码:
class ChangeNotifier implements Listenable { ObserverList? _listeners = ObserverList(); @protected bool get hasListeners { return _listeners!.isNotEmpty; }@override void addListener(VoidCallback listener) { _listeners!.add(listener); }@override void removeListener(VoidCallback listener) { _listeners!.remove(listener); }@mustCallSuper void dispose() { _listeners = null; }@protected @visibleForTesting void notifyListeners() { if (_listeners != null) { final List localListeners = List.from(_listeners!); for (final VoidCallback listener in localListeners) { try { if (_listeners!.contains(listener)) listener(); } catch (exception, stack) { ...... } } } } }

【Flutter Provider状态管理框架】ChangeNotifier把方法添加到数组中,然后调用notifyListeners时会通知观察者实现,整个工作流程示意图如下。
Flutter Provider状态管理框架
文章图片

    推荐阅读