C++核心编程之类和对象详解

目录

  • 1.封装
    • 1.1封装的意义
      • 封装意义一:
      • 封装意义二
    • 1.2 struct 和 class 区别
      • 1.3 成员属性设置为私有
      • 总结
        C++面向对象三大特性:封装、继承、多态

        1.封装
        1.1封装的意义
        • 将属性和行为作为一个整体
        • 将属性和行为加以权限控制

        封装意义一: 语法:class 类名{ 访问权限: 属性 / 行为 };
        //实例1#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1//求圆的周长#includeusing namespace std; #define pi 3.14class circle{public: int m_d; //直径 double calculate() {return pi*m_d; }}; int main(){ circle c1; c1.m_d = 10; cout << "圆周长为" << c1.calculate() << endl; system("pause"); return 0; }

        //实例2#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1#includeusing namespace std; #include class Student{public: string m_name; int m_num; void showStudent() {cout << " 姓名:" << "\t" << m_name << " 学号:" << m_num << endl; } void setname(string name) {m_name = name; } void setnum(int num) {m_num = num; }}; int main(){ Student s1; s1.setname("zhangsan"); s1.setnum(2001); s1.showStudent(); Student s2; s2.setname("lisi"); s2.setnum(2002); s2.showStudent(); system("pause"); return 0; }

        总结:类中的 属性 和 行为 统一称为 成员
        类中的 属性 又称为 成员属性 成员变量
        类中的 行为 又称为 成员函数 成员方法

        封装意义二 访问权限有三种
        公共权限: public 成员类内可以访问,类外可以访问
        保护权限: protected 成员类内可以访问,类外不可以访问 儿子可以访问父亲中的保护内容
        【C++核心编程之类和对象详解】私有权限: private 成员类内可以访问,类外不可以访问 儿子不可以访问父亲中的保护内容
        #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1#includeusing namespace std; #include class Student{public: string m_name; protected: int m_num; private: int m_age; public: void func() {m_name = "lili"; m_num = 1; m_age = 30; }private: void func1() {m_name = "lili"; m_num = 1; m_age = 30; }}; int main(){ Student s1; s1.m_name = "lilllll"; //s1.m_num = 2; //不可访问 //s1.m_age = 20; //不可访问 s1.func(); //s1.func1(); //不可访问system("pause"); return 0; }


        1.2 struct 和 class 区别
        在C++中 struct 和 class 区别在于 默认的访问权限不同
        • struct 默认权限为公共
        • class 默认权限为私有
        #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1#includeusing namespace std; class C1{ string m_a; }; struct C2{ string m_b; }; int main(){ //C1 c1; //c1.m_a = "lili"; //不可访问 C2 c2; c2.m_b = "lili"; system("pause"); return 0; }


        1.3 成员属性设置为私有
        优点:
        • 将所有成员属性设置为私有,可以自己控制读写权限
        • 对于写权限,我们可以检测数据的有效性
        #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1#include#include using namespace std; class C1{public: void setname(string name) {m_name = name; } string getname() {return m_name; } int getnum() {return m_num; } void setage(int age) {m_age = age; }private: string m_name; int m_num; int m_age; }; int main(){ C1 c; c.setname("yangyang"); //可写 cout << c.getname() << endl; //可读 cout << c.getnum() << endl; //只读 c.setage(30); //只写system("pause"); return 0; }

        好的,到这里封装就算是学到手了,可以进行两个小案例:
        #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1#include#include using namespace std; class Cube{public: void setchang(int chang) {m_c = chang; } void setkuan(int kuan) {m_k = kuan; } void setgao(int gao) {m_g = gao; } int getchang() {return m_c; } int getkuan() {return m_k; } int getgao() {return m_g; } int S() {return 2 * (m_c*m_g + m_c*m_k + m_g*m_k); } int V() {return m_c*m_g*m_k; } bool isSamebyclass(Cube &c) {if (m_c == c.getchang() && m_g == c.getgao() && m_k == c.getkuan()){return true; }return false; }private: int m_c; int m_k; int m_g; }; bool isSame1(Cube &c1, Cube &c2){ if (c1.getchang() == c2.getchang() && c1.getgao() == c2.getgao() && c1.getkuan() == c2.getkuan()) {return true; } return false; }int main(){ Cube c1; c1.setchang(10); c1.setkuan(10); c1.setgao(10); cout << "面积:" << c1.S() << endl; cout << "体积:" << c1.V() << endl; Cube c2; c2.setchang(11); c2.setkuan(11); c2.setgao(11); cout << "面积:" << c2.S() << endl; cout << "体积:" << c2.V() << endl; bool ret = isSame1(c1, c2); if (ret) {cout << "全局函数判断:两个立方体相等" << endl; } else {cout << "全局函数判断:两个立方体不相等" << endl; } ret = c1.isSamebyclass(c2); if (ret) {cout << "成员函数判断:两个立方体相等" << endl; } else {cout << "成员函数判断:两个立方体不相等" << endl; } system("pause"); return 0; }

        #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1#include#include using namespace std; class Point{public: void setX(int x) {m_x = x; } int getX() {return m_x; } void setY(int y) {m_y = y; } int getY() {return m_y; }private: int m_x; int m_y; }; class Circle{public: void setR(int r) {m_r = r; } int getR() {return m_r; } void setcenter(Point center) {m_center = center; } Point getcenter() {return m_center; }private: int m_r; Point m_center; }; void C_and_P(Circle &c, Point &p){ int distance = (c.getcenter().getX() - p.getX())*(c.getcenter().getX() - p.getX()) + (c.getcenter().getY() - p.getY())* (c.getcenter().getY() - p.getY()); int doubleR = c.getR()*c.getR(); if (distance==doubleR) {cout << "点在圆上" << endl; } else if (distance

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