Springboot国际化消息和源码解读

写在前面 在REST接口的实现方案中,后端可以仅仅返回一个code,让前端根据code的内容做自定义的消息提醒。当然,也有直接显示后端返回消息的方案。在后端直接返回消息的方案中,如果要提供多个不同语种国家使用,则需要做国际化消息的实现。

400 BAD_REQUEST { "code": "user.email.token", "message": "The email is token." }

实现的目标:
  1. validation的error code可以按照不同语言响应;
  2. 自定义error code可以按照不同语言响应;
  3. 指定默认的语言;
版本说明
spring-boot: 2.1.6.RELEASE sping: 5.1.8.RELEASE java: openjdk 11.0.13

初始化项目
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-web java

添加如下的Controller类和User实体类,其中的ServiceException是一个自定义的异常类,该异常会带上业务处理过程中的异常码。
@Validated @RestController @RequestMapping("/user") public class UserController {private static final String TOKEN_EMAIL = "token@example.com"; @PostMapping public User createUser(@RequestBody @Valid User user) { if (TOKEN_EMAIL.equalsIgnoreCase(user.getEmail())) { String message = String.format("The email %s is token.", user.getEmail()); throw new ServiceException("user.email.token", message); } return user; } }

@Data public class User { @NotNull @Length(min = 5, max = 12) @Pattern(regexp = "^r.*", message = "{validation.user.username}") private String username; @NotNull @Email private String email; @Range(min = 12, message = "{validation.user.age}") private int age; }

Validation中实现国际化信息 基本实现
在默认的SpringBoot配置中,只要在请求中增加Accept-Language的Header即可实现Validation错误信息的国际化。如下的请求会使用返回中文的错误信息。
curl --location --request POST 'http://localhost:8080/user' \ --header 'Accept-Language: zh-CN' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data-raw '{ "username": "xx", "email": "token@example.com", "age": 24 }

对于自定义的message,如validation.user.username,则只需要在resource目录下创建一个basename为ValidationMessages的国际化信息文件即可实现。
└── resources ├── ValidationMessages.properties ├── ValidationMessages_zh_CN.properties └── application.yml

validation.user.age=用户的年龄应该大于{min}. validation.user.username=用户名应该以r字母开始

国家化信息文件文件名定义规则:
basename__.properties ValidationMessages_en.properties ValidationMessages_zh_CN.properties

更多的文件,可以到hibernate-validator的github仓库查看(文末会给出链接)。
LocaleResolver解析locale信息
在spring-framework的spring-webmvc/.../i18n中,可以找到如下三种不同的LocaleResolver的实现:
  • FixedLocaleResolver:
    • 固定local,不做国际化更改。
    • 不可动态更改local,否则抛出UnsupportedOperationException
  • AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver:
    • 读取request的header中的Accept-Language来确定local的值。
    • 不可动态更改local,否则抛出UnsupportedOperationException
  • CookieLocaleResolver:
    • 将local信息保存到cookie中,可配合LocaleChangeInterceptor使用
  • SessionLocaleResolver:
    • 将local信息保存到session中,可配合LocaleChangeInterceptor使用
默认使用AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver
设置指定固定的locale
通过指定spring.mvc.locale-resolver=fixed可以使用固定的locale。如果项目只有一种语言可以做该指定,以免客户端没有配置Accept-Language的header而出现多种不同的语言。
spring: mvc: locale-resolver: fixed locale: en

在spring-boot的spring-boot-autoconfig/.../web/serlet中可以找到如下的配置,该配置指定了localeResolver的配置方式。
// spring-boot: spring-boot-autoconfig/.../web/serlet package org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet; public class WebMvcAutoConfiguration { @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean @ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "locale") public LocaleResolver localeResolver() { if (this.mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) { return new FixedLocaleResolver(this.mvcProperties.getLocale()); } AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver(); localeResolver.setDefaultLocale(this.mvcProperties.getLocale()); return localeResolver; } }

package org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.servlet; @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.mvc") public class WebMvcProperties { ... /** * Locale to use. By default, this locale is overridden by the "Accept-Language" * header. */ private Locale locale; /** * Define how the locale should be resolved. */ private LocaleResolver localeResolver = LocaleResolver.ACCEPT_HEADER; ... }

通过Url指定Locale
通过LocaleChangeInterceptor获取请求中的lang参数来设定语言,并将locale保存到Cookie中,请求了一次之后,相同的请求就无需再带上该lang参数,即可使用原本已经设定的locale。
@Configuration @ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "customer-locale-resolver", havingValue = "https://www.it610.com/article/cookie") public class MvcConfigurer implements WebMvcConfigurer {@Bean public LocaleResolver localeResolver(@Value("${spring.mvc.locale:null}") Locale locale) { CookieLocaleResolver resolver = new CookieLocaleResolver(); if (locale != null) { resolver.setDefaultLocale(locale); } return resolver; }@Bean public LocaleChangeInterceptor localeInterceptor() { LocaleChangeInterceptor localeInterceptor = new LocaleChangeInterceptor(); localeInterceptor.setParamName("lang"); return localeInterceptor; }@Override public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) { registry.addInterceptor(localeInterceptor()); } }

curl --location --request POST 'http://localhost:8080/user?lang=en' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data-raw '{ "username": "rxdxxxx", "email": "token@example.com", "age": 24 }'

之后的请求只要带上含有设置的cookie即可。
curl --location --request POST 'http://localhost:8080/user' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --header 'Cookie: org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.CookieLocaleResolver.LOCALE=zh-CN' \ --data-raw '{ "username": "rxdxxxx", "email": "token@example.com", "age": 24 }'

自定义Error Code实现国际化信息 在前文给出的代码中,当email为token@example.com时,抛出邮箱已被占用的异常。自定义异常中的code不是通过validator校验,所以不能通过validator自动处理。需要通过MessageSource来将定义的code转化为message,可以将MessageSource理解为一个key-value结构的类。
resources目录下创建目录i18n,然后创建以messages为basename的国际化信息文件。如下面的目录结构。
└── resources ├── ValidationMessages.properties ├── ValidationMessages_zh_CN.properties ├── application.yml └── i18n ├── messages.properties ├── messages_en.properties └── messages_zh_CN.properties

message_zh_CN.properties
user.email.token=邮箱已存在

application.yml中添加如下配置,即可让springboot生成含有i18n/messages中的properties的配置了。默认情况下,spring.messages.basename=messages,也就是可以直接在resources目录下创建需要的messages国际化信息文件。这里为了把i18n配置都放到一个目录下才做了修改,也可以不修改。
spring: messages: basename: i18n/messages

定义ApiExceptionHandler捕获指定的异常,并在其中的code转化为message。
package io.github.donespeak.springbootsamples.i18n.support; import io.github.donespeak.springbootsamples.i18n.core.ServiceException; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.context.MessageSource; import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders; import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus; import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestControllerAdvice; import org.springframework.web.context.request.WebRequest; import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import java.util.Locale; @Slf4j @RestControllerAdvice public class ApiExceptionHandler { // 用于获取当前的locale private LocaleResolver localeResolver; // 含有配置的code-message对 private MessageSource messageSource; public ApiExceptionHandler(LocaleResolver localeResolver, MessageSource messageSource) { this.localeResolver = localeResolver; this.messageSource = messageSource; }@ExceptionHandler(ServiceException.class) public ResponseEntity handleServiceException(ServiceException ex, HttpServletRequest request, WebRequest webRequest) { HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders(); HttpStatus status = HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST; // 获取当前请求的locale Locale locale = localeResolver.resolveLocale(request); log.info("the local for request is {} and the default is {}", locale, Locale.getDefault()); // 将code转化为message String message = messageSource.getMessage(ex.getCode(), null, locale); ApiError apiError = new ApiError(ex.getCode(), message); log.info("The result error of request {} is {}", request.getServletPath(), ex.getMessage(), ex); return new ResponseEntity(apiError, headers, status); } }
code转化为国际化信息的message也就配置完成了。如果对于其他的在ResponseEntityExceptionHandler中定义的Exception也需要做国际化信息转化的话,也可以按照上面处理ServiceException的方法进行定义即可。
源码探究 按照上面的代码操作,已经可以解决需要实现的功能了。这部分将会讲解国际化信息的功能涉及到的源码部分。
Springboot如何获取messages文件生成MessageSource
在Springboot的spring-boot-autoconfig中配置MessageSource的Properties类为MessageSourceProperties,该类默认指定了basename为messages。
package org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context; public class MessageSourceProperties { ... // 默认值 private String basename = "messages"; ... }

下面的MessageSourceAutoConfiguration为配置MessageSource的实现。
package org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context; public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration { ... @Bean public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) { ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource(); if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) { // 设置 MessageSource的basename messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils .commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename()))); } if (properties.getEncoding() != null) { messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name()); } messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale()); Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration(); if (cacheDuration != null) { messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis()); } messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat()); messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage()); return messageSource; } ... }

Validation如何使用到ValidationMessages
springboot的spring-boot-autoconfigure/.../validation/ValidationAutoConfiguration为Validator的配置类。
package org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.validation; /** * @since 1.5.0 */ @Configuration @ConditionalOnClass(ExecutableValidator.class) @ConditionalOnResource(resources = "classpath:META-INF/services/javax.validation.spi.ValidationProvider") @Import(PrimaryDefaultValidatorPostProcessor.class) public class ValidationAutoConfiguration { // 创建Validator @Bean @Role(BeanDefinition.ROLE_INFRASTRUCTURE) @ConditionalOnMissingBean(Validator.class) public static LocalValidatorFactoryBean defaultValidator() { LocalValidatorFactoryBean factoryBean = new LocalValidatorFactoryBean(); // 提供message和LocaleResolver MessageInterpolatorFactory interpolatorFactory = new MessageInterpolatorFactory(); factoryBean.setMessageInterpolator(interpolatorFactory.getObject()); return factoryBean; }@Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean public static MethodValidationPostProcessor methodValidationPostProcessor(Environment environment, @Lazy Validator validator) { MethodValidationPostProcessor processor = new MethodValidationPostProcessor(); // proxy-target-class="true" 则使用cglib2 boolean proxyTargetClass = environment.getProperty("spring.aop.proxy-target-class", Boolean.class, true); processor.setProxyTargetClass(proxyTargetClass); processor.setValidator(validator); return processor; } }

这里重点关注一下MessageInterpolatorFactory类,该类最后会创建一个org.hibernate.validator.messageinterpolatio.ResourceBundleMessageInterpolator
package org.springframework.boot.validation; public class MessageInterpolatorFactory implements ObjectFactory {private static final Set FALLBACKS; static { Set fallbacks = new LinkedHashSet<>(); fallbacks.add("org.hibernate.validator.messageinterpolation" + ".ParameterMessageInterpolator"); FALLBACKS = Collections.unmodifiableSet(fallbacks); }@Override public MessageInterpolator getObject() throws BeansException { try { // 这里提供默认的MessageInterpolator,获取到ConfigurationImpl // 最终得到 org.hibernate.validator.messageinterpolation.ResourceBundleMessageInterpolator return Validation.byDefaultProvider().configure().getDefaultMessageInterpolator(); } catch (ValidationException ex) { MessageInterpolator fallback = getFallback(); if (fallback != null) { return fallback; } throw ex; } } ... }

ResourceBundleMessageInterpolatorAbstractMessageInterpolator的一个子类,该类定义了validation messages文件的路径,其中org.hibernate.validator.ValidationMessages为hibernate提供的,而用户自定义的为ValidationMessages
package org.hibernate.validator.messageinterpolation; public abstract class AbstractMessageInterpolator implements MessageInterpolator { /** * The name of the default message bundle. */ public static final String DEFAULT_VALIDATION_MESSAGES = "org.hibernate.validator.ValidationMessages"; /** * The name of the user-provided message bundle as defined in the specification. */ public static final String USER_VALIDATION_MESSAGES = "ValidationMessages"; /** * Default name of the message bundle defined by a constraint definition contributor. * * @since 5.2 */ public static final String CONTRIBUTOR_VALIDATION_MESSAGES = "ContributorValidationMessages"; ...}

在Springboot 2.6.0及之后,对validation进行了修改。如果需要使用,则需要按照如下的方式引入:
org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-web 2.6.2 org.springframework.boot spring-boot-starter-validation 2.6.2

此外,还对MessageInterpolatorFactory进行了修改,允许设置外部的MessageSource。还增加了一个MessageSourceMessageInterpolator来整合messageSource和MessageInterpolator。
public class MessageInterpolatorFactory implements ObjectFactory { ... private final MessageSource messageSource; public MessageInterpolatorFactory() { this(null); }/** * Creates a new {@link MessageInterpolatorFactory} that will produce a * {@link MessageInterpolator} that uses the given {@code messageSource} to resolve * any message parameters before final interpolation. * @param messageSource message source to be used by the interpolator * @since 2.6.0 */ public MessageInterpolatorFactory(MessageSource messageSource) { // 允许使用外部的messageSource this.messageSource = messageSource; }@Override public MessageInterpolator getObject() throws BeansException { MessageInterpolator messageInterpolator = getMessageInterpolator(); if (this.messageSource != null) { return new MessageSourceMessageInterpolator(this.messageSource, messageInterpolator); } return messageInterpolator; }private MessageInterpolator getMessageInterpolator() { try { return Validation.byDefaultProvider().configure().getDefaultMessageInterpolator(); } catch (ValidationException ex) { MessageInterpolator fallback = getFallback(); if (fallback != null) { return fallback; } throw ex; } } ... }

MessageSourceMessageInterpolator会优先使用messageSource处理,再通过messageInterpolator处理。
package org.springframework.boot.validation; class MessageSourceMessageInterpolator implements MessageInterpolator { ... @Override public String interpolate(String messageTemplate, Context context) { return interpolate(messageTemplate, context, LocaleContextHolder.getLocale()); }@Override public String interpolate(String messageTemplate, Context context, Locale locale) { // 优先通过messageSource替换占位符,在通过messageInterpolator做处理 String message = replaceParameters(messageTemplate, locale); return this.messageInterpolator.interpolate(message, context, locale); } ... }

【Springboot国际化消息和源码解读】如需了解更多的信息,可以去查看org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation。LocalValidatorFactoryBean的源码。
参考
  • 本文项目源码
  • source code of Spring Boot’s Auto-configuration class for MessageSource - Github
  • Spring Boot internationalization: Step-by-step - Lokalise Blog
  • ValidationMessages files in hibernate-validator repository
  • Internationalization - springboot docs

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