Qt|Qt TCP网络通信学习
TCP简介:
【Qt|Qt TCP网络通信学习】Transmission Control Protocol,传输控制协议 。用于数据传输的低层网络协议,多个物联网协议都是基于TCP协议的。它是一个面向数据流和连接的可靠传输协议。
TCP头部格式:
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QTcpSocket类为TCP提供了一个接口,继承自QAbstractSocket。可实现POP3、SMTP、NNTP等标准的网络协议,也可以实现自定义的网络协议。异步工作,依靠事件循环来检测到来的数据,并且自动刷新输出的数据。而QAbstractSocket继承自QIODevice,故该类具备文件的读写功能,可以使用QTextStream和QDataStream。
QHostAddress QAbstractSocket::peerAddress () const获取主机的IP地址
quint16 QAbstractSocket::peerPort () const获取主机的端口号
qint64 QIODevice::write ( const QByteArray & byteArray )//写入数据,即通过TCP发送数据。
QByteArray QIODevice::read ( qint64 maxSize )//读取数据,最多读取maxSize。即获取TCP接收的存放在缓冲区的数据
QByteArray QIODevice::readAll ()//获取TCP存放在缓冲区可读取的所有数据。
从一个QTcpSocket中读取数据前,必须先调用qint64 QIODevice::bytesAvailable () const 函数来确保已经有足够的数据可用。
涉及到的信号:
void QAbstractSocket::connected () [signal]当连接建立成功发射连接信号,指示一个已建立的新连接。
void QAbstractSocket::error ( QAbstractSocket::SocketError socketError ) [signal]连接发生了错误,就会发送error()信号,参数指示发生了什么错误。
void QAbstractSocket::disconnected () [signal]断开一个已经存在的连接时,发射断开信号。
void QAbstractSocket::stateChanged ( QAbstractSocket::SocketState socketState ) [signal]状态改变都会发射stateChanged()信号。
void QIODevice::bytesWritten ( qint64 bytes ) [signal]表示数据写入完成,对应的可以调用bytesToWrite()方法了解写入了多少字节的数据。
void QIODevice::readyRead () [signal]表示有数据可以读取,对应的可以调用bytesAvailable()方法了解可以读取多少字节的数据。
一个简单的TCP客户端和服务端程序,单连接。
客户端程序:
#ifndef QTTCPCLIENT_H#define QTTCPCLIENT_H #include#include class QTcpSocket; //前置声明 //客户端程序单连接,即一个客户端一个服务端class QtTcpClient : public QObject{Q_OBJECTpublic:explicit QtTcpClient(QObject *parent = 0); ~QtTcpClient(); void sendMessage(); //发送信息 private slots:void readMessage(); //获取返回的信息void displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError); //获取连接发生的错误 private: QTcpSocket *tcpSocket; //tcp连接 quint16 blockSize; //发送数据的大小}; #endif // QTTCPCLIENT_H#include "qttcpclient.h"#include #include #include #include #include #include #include QtTcpClient::QtTcpClient(QObject *parent) :QObject(parent){tcpSocket=new QTcpSocket(this); //建立信号连接,readyRead表示有数据过来,需要读取connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(readyRead()),this,SLOT(readMessage())); //建立信号连接,error(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)连接发生错误或关闭时会发射此信号connect(tcpSocket,SIGNAL(error(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)),this,SLOT(displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError))); blockSize=0; tcpSocket->abort(); //终止已有的连接 tcpSocket->connectToHost(QHostAddress(QString("127.0.0.1")),6666); //建立新的连接 qDebug()<<"client run......"< seek(0); //定位到数据的开头out<<(quint16)(block.size()-sizeof(quint16)); //添加数据大小信息到数据开头 tcpSocket->write(block); //发送数据 } void QtTcpClient::readMessage(){QString message; QDataStream in(tcpSocket); in.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0); if(blockSize==0){//判断接收的数据是否大于两字节,也就是文件的大小信息所占的空间//如果是则保存到blockSize中,否则直接返回,继续接收数据。if(tcpSocket->bytesAvailable()<(int)sizeof(quint16)){return; } in>>blockSize; }//如果没有接收完全部数据,则返回继续接收if(tcpSocket->bytesAvailable() >message; qDebug()< sendMessage(); //断开连接tcpSocket->disconnectFromHost(); } void QtTcpClient::displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError){switch(tcpSocket->error()){case QAbstractSocket::RemoteHostClosedError://远程服务端关闭连接错误tcpSocket->disconnectFromHost(); qDebug()<<"client close now"; break; default:qDebug()<<"error id: "< error()< errorString()< #include "qttcpclient.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]){QCoreApplication a(argc, argv); QtTcpClient tcpclient_t; return a.exec(); }
服务端程序:
#ifndef QTTCPSERVER_H#define QTTCPSERVER_H #include#include class QTcpServer; //前置声明class QTcpSocket; //服务端程序单连接,即一个客户端一个服务端class QtTcpServer : public QObject{Q_OBJECTpublic:explicit QtTcpServer(QObject *parent = 0); ~QtTcpServer(); private slots:void sendMessage(); //发送信息void readMessage(); //获取返回的信息void displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError); //获取连接发生的错误 private:QTcpServer *tcpServer; //tcp服务端 QTcpSocket *clientConnect; //来自客户端的连接quint16 blockSize; //接收数据的大小}; #endif // QTTCPSERVER_H #include "qttcpserver.h"#include #include #include #include #include #include #include QtTcpServer::QtTcpServer(QObject *parent) :QObject(parent){blockSize=0; tcpServer=new QTcpServer(this); //开始监听if(!tcpServer->listen(QHostAddress(QString("127.0.0.1")),6666)){qDebug()< serverError()< errorString()< exit(); }//建立信号连接,每来一个新的连接,就发送服务端信息connect(tcpServer,SIGNAL(newConnection()),this,SLOT(sendMessage())); qDebug()<<"server run....."< seek(0); out<<(quint16)(block.size()-sizeof(quint16)); clientConnect=tcpServer->nextPendingConnection(); //获取客户端的连接tcpServer->close(); //关联套接字的disconnected()和deleteLater(),表明当连接断开时删除该套接字connect(clientConnect,SIGNAL(disconnected()),clientConnect,SLOT(deleteLater())); clientConnect->write(block); connect(clientConnect,SIGNAL(readyRead()),this,SLOT(readMessage())); connect(clientConnect,SIGNAL(error(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)),this,SLOT(displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError))); } void QtTcpServer::readMessage(){QString message; QDataStream in(clientConnect); in.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0); if(blockSize==0){if(clientConnect->bytesAvailable()<(int)sizeof(quint16)){return; } in>>blockSize; } if(clientConnect->bytesAvailable() >message; qDebug()< error()){case QAbstractSocket::RemoteHostClosedError:clientConnect->disconnectFromHost(); //disconnectFromHost函数会一直等待套接字将所有数据发送完毕,然后关闭该套接字,并发射disconnected信号qDebug()<<"server connect close"< error()< errorString()< disconnectFromHost(); qDebug()<<"server connect close"< #include "qttcpserver.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]){QCoreApplication a(argc, argv); QtTcpServer tcpserver_t; return a.exec(); }
运行结果:
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基于TCP的文件传输程序:
客户端程序:
#ifndef CLIENT_H#define CLIENT_H#include#include #include #include #include #include namespace Ui {class Client; } class Client : public QDialog{Q_OBJECTpublic:explicit Client(QWidget *parent = 0); ~Client(); private slots:void openFile(); void send(); void startTransfer(); void updateClientProgress(qint64); void displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError); void on_pushButton_open_clicked(); void on_pushButton_send_clicked(); private:Ui::Client *ui; QTcpSocket *tcpClient; //tcp连接QFile *localFile; //要发送的文件qint64 totalBytes; //发送数据的总大小qint64 bytesWritten; //已经发送的数据大小qint64 bytesToWrite; //剩余的数据大小qint64 payloadSize; //每次发送数据的大小QString fileName; //保存文件路径QByteArray outBlock; //数据缓冲区,即存放每次要发送的数据块}; #endif // CLIENT_H #include "client.h"#include "ui_client.h"#include #include #include Client::Client(QWidget *parent) :QDialog(parent),ui(new Ui::Client){ui->setupUi(this); //初始化变量this->payloadSize=64*1024; //64KB,每次发送的数据块大小为64KBthis->totalBytes=0; this->bytesWritten=0; this->bytesToWrite=0; this->tcpClient=new QTcpSocket(this); //当连接服务器成功时,发送connected()信号,开始传送文件connect(this->tcpClient,SIGNAL(connected()),this,SLOT(startTransfer())); //每次发送成功后发送bytesWritten(qint64))信号,告诉已成功发送的数据块大小,并更新进度条connect(this->tcpClient,SIGNAL(bytesWritten(qint64)),this,SLOT(updateClientProgress(qint64))); //接收tcp连接发生的错误connect(this->tcpClient,SIGNAL(error(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)),this,SLOT(displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError))); ui->pushButton_send->setEnabled(false); } Client::~Client(){delete ui; } void Client::openFile(){this->fileName=QFileDialog::getOpenFileName(this); if(!this->fileName.isEmpty()){ui->pushButton_send->setEnabled(true); ui->label_state->setText(QString("打开文件 %1 成功").arg(this->fileName)); }} void Client::send(){ui->pushButton_send->setEnabled(false); this->bytesWritten=0; ui->label_state->setText(QString("连接中...")); //连接服务器this->tcpClient->connectToHost(ui->lineEdit_host->text(),ui->lineEdit_port->text().toInt()); } void Client::startTransfer(){this->localFile=new QFile(this->fileName); //打开文件if(!this->localFile->open(QFile::ReadOnly)){qDebug()<<"client: open file error!"< totalBytes=this->localFile->size(); QDataStream sendOut(&this->outBlock,QIODevice::WriteOnly); sendOut.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0); //获取文件名(去掉文件前面的路径)QString currentFileName=this->fileName.right(this->fileName.size()-this->fileName.lastIndexOf('/')-1); //保留总大小信息空间,文件名大小信息空间,然后输入文件名sendOut< totalBytes+=this->outBlock.size(); //返回outBlock的开始,填入总大小信息sendOut.device()->seek(0); //填入各个项的大小信息以及文件名sendOut< totalBytes< outBlock.size()-sizeof(qint64)*2); //发送完文件头结构后剩余数据的大小this->bytesToWrite=this->totalBytes-this->tcpClient->write(this->outBlock); ui->label_state->setText(QString("已连接")); this->outBlock.resize(0); } void Client::updateClientProgress(qint64 numBytes){//更新已经发送数据的大小this->bytesWritten+=(int)numBytes; //如果已经发送了数据if(this->bytesToWrite>0){//每次发送payloadSize大小的数据,不足就发送剩余数据大小this->outBlock=this->localFile->read(qMin(this->bytesToWrite,this->payloadSize)); //发送完一次数据后还剩余数据的大小this->bytesToWrite-=(int)this->tcpClient->write(this->outBlock); //清空发送缓冲区this->outBlock.resize(0); }else{//如果没有发送任何数据,就关闭文件this->localFile->close(); } //更新进度条ui->progressBar->setMaximum(this->totalBytes); ui->progressBar->setValue(this->bytesWritten); //发送完毕if(this->bytesWritten==this->totalBytes){ui->label_state->setText(QString("传送文件 %1 成功").arg(this->fileName)); this->localFile->close(); //关闭文件this->tcpClient->close(); //关闭tcp连接}} void Client::displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError){qDebug()< tcpClient->errorString()< tcpClient->close(); ui->progressBar->reset(); ui->label_state->setText(QString("客户端已就绪!")); ui->pushButton_send->setEnabled(true); } void Client::on_pushButton_open_clicked(){ui->progressBar->reset(); ui->label_state->setText(QString("状态:等待文件打开!")); this->openFile(); } void Client::on_pushButton_send_clicked(){this->send(); } #include #include "client.h"#include int main(int argc, char *argv[]){QApplication a(argc, argv); QTextCodec::setCodecForCStrings(QTextCodec::codecForLocale()); QTextCodec::setCodecForLocale(QTextCodec::codecForLocale()); QTextCodec::setCodecForTr(QTextCodec::codecForLocale()); Client w; w.show(); return a.exec(); }
服务器程序:
#ifndef SERVER_H#define SERVER_H #include#include #include #include #include #include #include namespace Ui {class Server; } class Server : public QDialog{Q_OBJECTpublic:explicit Server(QWidget *parent = 0); ~Server(); private slots:void start(); void acceptConnection(); void updateServerProgress(); void displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError socketError); void on_pushButton_clicked(); private:Ui::Server *ui; QTcpServer tcpServer; //服务器监听QTcpSocket *tcpServerConnection; //来自客户端的连接 qint64 totalBytes; //存放总大小信息qint64 bytesReceived; //已收到的数据大小qint64 fileNameSize; //存放文件名的大小信息 QString fileName; //存放文件名QFile *localFile; //本地文件QByteArray inBlock; //数据缓冲区}; #endif // SERVER_H #include "server.h"#include "ui_server.h"#include #include Server::Server(QWidget *parent) :QDialog(parent),ui(new Ui::Server){ui->setupUi(this); //有新的连接到来,发射newConnection()信号,获取新的连接connect(&this->tcpServer,SIGNAL(newConnection()),this,SLOT(acceptConnection())); } Server::~Server(){delete ui; } void Server::start(){//建立监听if(!this->tcpServer.listen(QHostAddress(QString("127.0.0.1")),6666)){qDebug()< tcpServer.errorString()< pushButton->setEnabled(false); //初始化变量this->totalBytes=0; this->bytesReceived=0; this->fileNameSize=0; ui->label->setText(QString("监听")); ui->progressBar->reset(); } void Server::acceptConnection(){//获取来自客户端的连接this->tcpServerConnection=this->tcpServer.nextPendingConnection(); //建立信号连接connect(this->tcpServerConnection,SIGNAL(readyRead()),this,SLOT(updateServerProgress())); connect(this->tcpServerConnection,SIGNAL(error(QAbstractSocket::SocketError)),this,SLOT(displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError))); ui->label->setText(QString("接收连接")); this->tcpServer.close(); } void Server::updateServerProgress(){QDataStream in(this->tcpServerConnection); in.setVersion(QDataStream::Qt_4_0); //如果接收到的数据小于16个字节,保存到来的文件头结构if(this->bytesReceived<=sizeof(qint64)*2){if((this->tcpServerConnection->bytesAvailable()>=sizeof(qint64)*2)&&(this->fileNameSize==0)){//接收数据总大小信息和文件名大小信息in>>this->totalBytes>>this->fileNameSize; this->bytesReceived+=sizeof(qint64)*2; } if((this->tcpServerConnection->bytesAvailable()>=this->fileNameSize)&&(this->fileNameSize!=0)){//接收文件名,并建立文件in>>this->fileName; ui->label->setText(QString("接收文件 %1 ......").arg(this->fileName)); this->bytesReceived+=this->fileNameSize; this->localFile=new QFile(this->fileName); if(!this->localFile->open(QFile::WriteOnly)){qDebug()<<"server: open file error"< bytesReceived totalBytes){this->bytesReceived+=this->tcpServerConnection->bytesAvailable(); this->inBlock=this->tcpServerConnection->readAll(); this->localFile->write(this->inBlock); this->inBlock.resize(0); } ui->progressBar->setMaximum(this->totalBytes); ui->progressBar->setValue(this->bytesReceived); //接收数据完成时if(this->bytesReceived==this->totalBytes){this->tcpServerConnection->close(); this->localFile->close(); ui->pushButton->setEnabled(true); ui->label->setText(QString("接收文件 %1 成功").arg(this->fileName)); }} void Server::displayError(QAbstractSocket::SocketError socketError){qDebug()< tcpServerConnection->errorString(); this->tcpServerConnection->close(); ui->progressBar->reset(); ui->label->setText(QString("服务端就绪")); ui->pushButton->setEnabled(true); } void Server::on_pushButton_clicked(){start(); } #include #include "server.h"#include int main(int argc, char *argv[]){QApplication a(argc, argv); QTextCodec::setCodecForCStrings(QTextCodec::codecForLocale()); QTextCodec::setCodecForLocale(QTextCodec::codecForLocale()); QTextCodec::setCodecForTr(QTextCodec::codecForLocale()); Server w; w.show(); return a.exec(); }
运行结果:
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