Unix文本处理工具之sed

和上文提到的awk一样,sed也是Unix的文本处理工具。sed是Stream Editor(流式编辑器)的缩写,它能够基于模式匹配过滤(所谓过滤就是在文件中找到符合某些条件的行)修改文本(就是对找到的符合条件的内容进行一些修改操作)。
1、sed命令格式
1.1 sed命令的基本格式
sed命令主要有三种使用形式:

  • sed ‘编辑指令’ 文件1 文件2 ……:用于将处理后的结果输出
  • sed -n ‘编辑指令’ 文件1 文件2 ……:用于只输出编辑指令影响的行
  • sed -i ‘编辑指令’ 文件1 文件2 ……:用于直接在文本文件上修改文本内容(在物理磁盘上修改文件)
1.2 编辑指令
编辑指令主要由两部分组成:前面是逗号隔开的两个地址(或者没有逗号,只有一个地址),代表要处理文本的起始位置到结束位置;后面是要进行的操作类型。格式如下:
[起始地址[,结束地址]]操作类型
如果在一条sed命令中要用到多条编辑指令,那么各个编辑指令之间要用; 隔开,也可以将多条编辑指令放在多个单引号中,但是这样的话,要在每个单引号的前面加一个-e。下面是一个简单的例子:
$cat sed_test.txt 1 apple a,b,d,f 2 boy alsdjf,apple,kdjf 3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139$sed -n '2,5p' sed_test.txt 2 boy alsdjf,apple,kdjf 3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139$sed -n '5p' sed_test.txt 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139$sed -n -e '2p' -e'5p' sed_test.txt 2 boy alsdjf,apple,kdjf 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139

1.3 操作类型 sed常用的操作类型如下:

操作 作用
p 打印文本行(print)
n 取下一行(next)
d 删除(delete)
s 字符串替换(substitude)
a 追加新的文本(append)
2、例子 下面的例子都是对文提到的文件sed_test.txt的操作:

使用正则表达式: (1)输出从第一个包含kdjf的行到最后一行($代表最后一行) $sed -n '/kdjf/,$p' sed_test.txt 2 boy alsdjf,appleapple,kdjf 3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139 (2)输出包含单词apple的行 (shell中单词是指一个字符串前后有空格或其它标点符号。正则表达式中用一个<>来界定一个单词,在sed中用该符号要进行转义。) $sed -n '/\/p' sed_test.txt 1 apple a,b,d,f删除指定行(这里没有-i,不对原文件进行操作,只是将处理后的结果输出。): (1)删除第2到4行 $sed '2,4d' sed_test.txt 1 apple a,b,d,f 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139 (2)删除包含appleapple的行和最后一行($) $sed '/appleapple/d; $d' sed_test.txt 1 apple a,b,d,f 3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com (3)删除不包含(!表示反选,选中不符合条件的行)apple的行(这样就只剩下了包含apple的行了) $sed '/apple/!d' sed_test.txt 1 apple a,b,d,f 2 boy alsdjf,appleapple,kdjf替换指定文本: (1)将1-4行的apple换成AMAZON。s代表替换,g代表如果一行出现两个apple则全部替换。 $sed '1,4s/apple/AMAZON/g' sed_test.txt 1 AMAZON a,b,d,f 2 boy alsdjf,AMAZONAMAZON,kdjf 3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139 (2)注释shell脚本(在行首插入#) $sed '1,3s/^/#/g' sed_test.txt #1 apple a,b,d,f #2 boy alsdjf,appleapple,kdjf #3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139 (3)删除字符串apple(如果不写起始地址和结束地址,则默认为所有行。) $sed 's/apple//g' sed_test.txt 1a,b,d,f 2 boy alsdjf,,kdjf 3 cat 163.2.201.1 4 dog www.google.com 5 eat http://blog.csdn.net/xia7139

以上两篇文章介绍了Unix两个文本处理工具awk和sed,希望对大家有所帮助。
3、sed和正则表达式
利用正则表达式结合sed能极大地帮助我们处理文本。比如下面的例子:

例1:正则表达式初步使用。 $ cat poem.txt The choice By William Butler Yeats The intellect of man is forced to choose Perfection of life ,or of the work, And if take the second must refuse A heavenly mansion ,raging in the dark. When all that story 's finished ,what's the news? In luck or out the toil has left its mark: That old perplexity an empty purse, Or the day's vanity ,the night's remorse. (1)用命令删掉文本行首的空格。 $ sed 's/^\s*//g' poem.txt The choice By William Butler Yeats The intellect of man is forced to choose Perfection of life ,or of the work, And if take the second must refuse A heavenly mansion ,raging in the dark. When all that story 's finished ,what's the news? In luck or out the toil has left its mark: That old perplexity an empty purse, Or the day's vanity ,the night's remorse. 也可以这样(注意,这里+是要被转义的,而上面的*不用转义。): $ sed 's/^\s\+//g' poem.txt The choice By William Butler Yeats The intellect of man is forced to choose Perfection of life ,or of the work, And if take the second must refuse A heavenly mansion ,raging in the dark. When all that story 's finished ,what's the news? In luck or out the toil has left its mark: That old perplexity an empty purse, Or the day's vanity ,the night's remorse.(2)删掉文中所有的空格 $ sed 's/\s*//g' poem.txt Thechoice ByWilliamButlerYeats Theintellectofmanisforcedtochoose Perfectionoflife,orofthework, Andiftakethesecondmustrefuse Aheavenlymansion,raginginthedark. Whenallthatstory'sfinished,what'sthenews? Inluckoroutthetoilhasleftitsmark: Thatoldperplexityanemptypurse, Ortheday'svanity,thenight'sremorse. 如下也可以达到同样的效果: $ sed 's/\s\+//g' poem.txt Thechoice ByWilliamButlerYeats Theintellectofmanisforcedtochoose Perfectionoflife,orofthework, Andiftakethesecondmustrefuse Aheavenlymansion,raginginthedark. Whenallthatstory'sfinished,what'sthenews? Inluckoroutthetoilhasleftitsmark: Thatoldperplexityanemptypurse, Ortheday'svanity,thenight'sremorse.也可以使用如下命令实现相关功能: $ sed 's/^[[:space:]]*//g' poem.txt(删除行开头的空格) $ sed 's/^[ ]*//g' poem.txt(删除行开头的空格) $ sed 's/^ *//g' poem.txt(删除行开头的空格) $ sed 's/^[[:space:]]*//g' poem.txt(删除行开头的空格) $ sed '/^$/d' poem.txt(删除空行) $ sed '/^[ ]*$/d' poem.txt(删除空行和只有空格的行)





4、初步体会sed的威力
4.1 去掉不想要的标签
比如你有一个文件内容如下:

test.txt: {'books/daglib/0015113': 'Scale-isometric polytopal graphs in hypercubes and Zn. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/0097705': 'Discrete total lp-norm approximation problem for the function. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/AveneauCFM11': 'A Framework for <i>n</i>-Dimensional Visibility Computations. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/Carter11': 'Using <i>Dungeons and Dragons</i> to Integrate Curricula in Classroom. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/CasolaLRV11': 'Access Control in Cloud-on-Grid Systems: The <i>PerfCloud</i> Case Study. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/ChunKZDMZ11': 'Reverse Engineer of Gene Networks with Application <i>in silico</i> Network. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/ChungK11': 'eQTL Mapping for Functional Classes of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Genes wssion. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/Goldman11': 'A Model for Computer Graphics Based on Algebra for \xe2\x84\x9d3. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/LiZ11': 'Line Geometry over \xe2\x84\x9d3, 3, and Stewart Platforms. - 锐客网\n', 'books/daglib/p/Liestol11': '<i>Situated Simulations</i> Between Reality and Designing a Narrative Space. - 锐客网\n'}

现在你要将其中的各行中的类似于标签之类的东西去掉,只需用一条sed命令:

$sed -e 's///g; s/<\/title>//g' -e 's/<i>//g; s/<\/i>//g' -e 's///g; s/<\/sub>//g' -e 's///g; s/<\/sup>//g' test.txt {'books/daglib/0015113': 'Scale-isometric polytopal graphs in hypercubes and Zn.\n', 'books/daglib/0097705': 'Discrete total lp-norm approximation problem for the function.\n', 'books/daglib/p/AveneauCFM11': 'A Framework for n-Dimensional Visibility Computations.\n', 'books/daglib/p/Carter11': 'Using Dungeons and Dragons to Integrate Curricula in Classroom.\n', 'books/daglib/p/CasolaLRV11': 'Access Control in Cloud-on-Grid Systems: The PerfCloud Case Study.\n', 'books/daglib/p/ChunKZDMZ11': 'Reverse Engineer of Gene Networks with Application in silico Network.\n', 'books/daglib/p/ChungK11': 'eQTL Mapping for Functional Classes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genes wssion.\n', 'books/daglib/p/Goldman11': 'A Model for Computer Graphics Based on Algebra for \xe2\x84\x9d3.\n', 'books/daglib/p/LiZ11': 'Line Geometry over \xe2\x84\x9d3, 3, and Stewart Platforms.\n', 'books/daglib/p/Liestol11': 'Situated Simulations Between Reality and Designing a Narrative Space.\n'}</code></blockquote><br /> 如果要在原文件中修改,只需加-i参数。 <br> 4.2 多文件中的替换<br /> temp目录下有t1.txt、t2.txt和t3.txt等三个文件,其内容分别如下:<br /> <br /> <blockquote><code>$ cat t1.txt StevenJobs mac i like mill fuck $ cat t2.txt youi life love lol StevenJobs sex friend one night stand for one night $ cat t3.txt good night nigtmare fuck StevenJobs StevenJobs StevenJobsStevenJobs mac</code></blockquote><br /> 下面想要将上面三个文件中的“StevenJobs”换成“Apple”,一一替换的话太麻烦,这里用一个稍微简单的方法,一条命令完成所有文件的替换。 预备知识<br /> (1)反引号<br /> 反引号括起来的字符串被shell解释为命令行,在执行时,shell首先执行该命令行,并以它的标准输出结果取代整个反引号(包括两个反引号)部分。这样,可以实现用一个命令的执行输出作为另一条命令参数的结果。在bash shell中,$()也会有相同的效果,下面是一个例子。<br /> <br /> <blockquote><code>$ echo `ls` t1.txt t2.txt t3.txt $ echo $(ls) t1.txt t2.txt t3.txt</code></blockquote><br /> (2)grep命令的r和l选项 grep -r: Read all files under each directory, recursively。<br /> 也是就是说,会递归逐层向下查找目录和目录子目录下的文件,如果没有-r选项grep只会查找当前目录下的文件,不会查找子目录。<br /> grep -l: Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file fromwhichoutputwouldnormallyhavebeenprinted.The scanning will stop on the first match.<br /> 这个选项的man手册读起来稍显晦涩,简单地说,-l选项只会打印出包含我们要查找内容的文件名称,下面是grep的例子。<br /> <br /> <blockquote><code>$ grep -r "Steven" . ./t1.txt:StevenJobs mac ./t2.txt: StevenJobs ./t3.txt:StevenJobs StevenJobs ./t3.txt:StevenJobsStevenJobs $ grep "Steven" . $ grep -r "Steven" . ./t1.txt:StevenJobs mac ./t2.txt: StevenJobs ./t3.txt:StevenJobs StevenJobs ./t3.txt:StevenJobsStevenJobs //下面的命令和上面的命令效果相同 $ grep"Steven" * t1.txt:StevenJobs mac t2.txt: StevenJobs t3.txt:StevenJobs StevenJobs t3.txt:StevenJobsStevenJobs $ grep -rl "Steven" . ./t1.txt ./t2.txt ./t3.txt</code></blockquote><br /> 用上上面的命令,不难得出下面的解决办法,效果如下: <strong>【Unix文本处理工具之sed】</strong><br /> <blockquote><code>$ sed -i 's/StevenJobs/apple/g' `grep -rl StevenJobs .` $ cat t* apple mac i like mill fuck youi life love lol apple sex friend one night stand for one night good night nigtmare fuck apple apple appleapple mac</code></blockquote><br /> >.< Over!</p> <div class="dede_pages"><ul></ul></div> <div class="pcd_ad"> <center><div class="_ahwullr0ac"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> (window.slotbydup = window.slotbydup || []).push({ id: "u6834461", container: "_ahwullr0ac", async: true }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cpro.baidustatic.com/cpro/ui/cm.js" async="async" defer="defer" > </script></center> </div> <div class="mbd_ad"> <div style=margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;> <div class="_i7aftr79jl"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> (window.slotbydup = window.slotbydup || []).push({ id: "u5950612", container: "_i7aftr79jl", async: true }); </script> <!-- ½űֻһ --> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cpro.baidustatic.com/cpro/ui/cm.js" async="async" defer="defer" > </script> </div> </div> <h3>推荐阅读</h3> <ul class="post-loop post-loop-default cols-0"> <li class="item"> <div class="item-img"> <a class="item-img-inner" href="/c/2052505.html" 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