Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application _Classification

一年好景君须记，最是橙黄橘绿时。这篇文章主要讲述Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application相关的知识，希望能为你提供帮助。
When you finish this, you will have finished the last programming assignment of Week 4, and also the last programming assignment of this course!
You will use use the functions you‘d implemented in the previous assignment to build a deep network, and apply it to cat vs non-cat classification. Hopefully, you will see an improvement in accuracy relative to your previous logistic regression implementation.
After this assignment you will be able to:

Build and apply a deep neural network to supervised learning.

Let‘s get started!
1 - PackagesLet‘s first import all the packages that you will need during this assignment.

numpy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with python.
matplotlib is a library to plot graphs in Python.
h5py is a common package to interact with a dataset that is stored on an H5 file.
PIL and scipy are used here to test your model with your own picture at the end.
dnn_app_utils provides the functions implemented in the " Building your Deep Neural Network: Step by Step" assignment to this notebook.
np.random.seed(1) is used to keep all the random function calls consistent. It will help us grade your work.

import time import numpy as np import h5py import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import scipy from PIL import Image from scipy import ndimage from dnn_app_utils_v2 import *%matplotlib inline plt.rcParams[' figure.figsize' ] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots plt.rcParams[' image.interpolation' ] = ' nearest' plt.rcParams[' image.cmap' ] = ' gray' %load_ext autoreload %autoreload 2np.random.seed(1)

The autoreload extension is already loaded. To reload it, use: %reload_ext autoreload

2 - DatasetYou will use the same " Cat vs non-Cat" dataset as in " Logistic Regression as a Neural Network" (Assignment 2). The model you had built had 70% test accuracy on classifying cats vs non-cats images. Hopefully, your new model will perform a better!
Problem Statement: You are given a dataset (" data.h5" ) containing:
- a training set of m_train images labelled as cat (1) or non-cat (0)
- a test set of m_test images labelled as cat and non-cat
- each image is of shape (num_px, num_px, 3) where 3 is for the 3 channels (RGB).
Let‘s get more familiar with the dataset. Load the data by running the cell below.

train_x_orig, train_y, test_x_orig, test_y, classes = load_data()

The following code will show you an image in the dataset. Feel free to change the index and re-run the cell multiple times to see other images.

# Example of a picture index = 10 plt.imshow(train_x_orig[index]) print (" y = " + str(train_y[0,index]) + " . It' s a " + classes[train_y[0,index]].decode(" utf-8" ) +" picture." )

y = 0. It' s a non-cat picture.

Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application

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# Explore your dataset m_train = train_x_orig.shape[0] num_px = train_x_orig.shape[1] m_test = test_x_orig.shape[0]print (" Number of training examples: " + str(m_train)) print (" Number of testing examples: " + str(m_test)) print (" Each image is of size: (" + str(num_px) + " , " + str(num_px) + " , 3)" ) print (" train_x_orig shape: " + str(train_x_orig.shape)) print (" train_y shape: " + str(train_y.shape)) print (" test_x_orig shape: " + str(test_x_orig.shape)) print (" test_y shape: " + str(test_y.shape))

Number of training examples: 209 Number of testing examples: 50 Each image is of size: (64, 64, 3) train_x_orig shape: (209, 64, 64, 3) train_y shape: (1, 209) test_x_orig shape: (50, 64, 64, 3) test_y shape: (1, 50)

As usual, you reshape and standardize the images before feeding them to the network. The code is given in the cell below.

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Figure 1: Image to vector conversion.

# Reshape the training and test examples train_x_flatten = train_x_orig.reshape(train_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T# The " -1" makes reshape flatten the remaining dimensions test_x_flatten = test_x_orig.reshape(test_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T# Standardize data to have feature values between 0 and 1. train_x = train_x_flatten/255. test_x = test_x_flatten/255.print (" train_x' s shape: " + str(train_x.shape)) print (" test_x' s shape: " + str(test_x.shape))

train_x' s shape: (12288, 209) test_x' s shape: (12288, 50)

\\(12,288\\) equals \\(64 \\times 64 \\times 3\\) which is the size of one reshaped image vector.
3 - Architecture of your modelNow that you are familiar with the dataset, it is time to build a deep neural network to distinguish cat images from non-cat images.
You will build two different models:

A 2-layer neural network
An L-layer deep neural network

You will then compare the performance of these models, and also try out different values for \\(L\\).
Let‘s look at the two architectures.
3.1 - 2-layer neural network

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Figure 2: 2-layer neural network.
The model can be summarized as: INPUT -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID -> OUTPUT.
Detailed Architecture of figure 2:

The input is a (64,64,3) image which is flattened to a vector of size \\((12288,1)\\).
The corresponding vector: \\([x_0,x_1,...,x_{12287}]^T\\) is then multiplied by the weight matrix \\(W^{[1]}\\) of size \\((n^{[1]}, 12288)\\).
You then add a bias term and take its relu to get the following vector: \\([a_0^{[1]}, a_1^{[1]},..., a_{n^{[1]}-1}^{[1]}]^T\\).
You then repeat the same process.
You multiply the resulting vector by \\(W^{[2]}\\) and add your intercept (bias).
Finally, you take the sigmoid of the result. If it is greater than 0.5, you classify it to be a cat.

3.2 - L-layer deep neural network
It is hard to represent an L-layer deep neural network with the above representation. However, here is a simplified network representation:

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Figure 3: L-layer neural network.
The model can be summarized as: [LINEAR -> RELU] \\(\\times\\) (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID
Detailed Architecture of figure 3:

The input is a (64,64,3) image which is flattened to a vector of size (12288,1).
The corresponding vector: \\([x_0,x_1,...,x_{12287}]^T\\) is then multiplied by the weight matrix \\(W^{[1]}\\) and then you add the intercept \\(b^{[1]}\\). The result is called the linear unit.
Next, you take the relu of the linear unit. This process could be repeated several times for each \\((W^{[l]}, b^{[l]})\\) depending on the model architecture.
Finally, you take the sigmoid of the final linear unit. If it is greater than 0.5, you classify it to be a cat.

3.3 - General methodology
As usual you will follow the Deep Learning methodology to build the model:
1. Initialize parameters / Define hyperparameters
2. Loop for num_iterations:
a. Forward propagation
b. Compute cost function
c. Backward propagation
d. Update parameters (using parameters, and grads from backprop)
4. Use trained parameters to predict labels
Let‘s now implement those two models!
4 - Two-layer neural networkQuestion: Use the helper functions you have implemented in the previous assignment to build a 2-layer neural network with the following structure: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. The functions you may need and their inputs are:

def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y): ... return parameters def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation): ... return A, cache def compute_cost(AL, Y): ... return cost def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation): ... return dA_prev, dW, db def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate): ... return parameters

### CONSTANTS DEFINING THE MODEL #### n_x = 12288# num_px * num_px * 3 n_h = 7 n_y = 1 layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y)

# GRADED FUNCTION: two_layer_modeldef two_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False): " " " Implements a two-layer neural network: LINEAR-> RELU-> LINEAR-> SIGMOID.Arguments: X -- input data, of shape (n_x, number of examples) Y -- true " label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples) layers_dims -- dimensions of the layers (n_x, n_h, n_y) num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule print_cost -- If set to True, this will print the cost every 100 iterations Returns: parameters -- a dictionary containing W1, W2, b1, and b2 " " " np.random.seed(1) grads = {} costs = []# to keep track of the cost m = X.shape[1]# number of examples (n_x, n_h, n_y) = layers_dims# Initialize parameters dictionary, by calling one of the functions you' d previously implemented ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code) parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y) ### END CODE HERE #### Get W1, b1, W2 and b2 from the dictionary parameters. W1 = parameters[" W1" ] b1 = parameters[" b1" ] W2 = parameters[" W2" ] b2 = parameters[" b2" ]# Loop (gradient descent)for i in range(0, num_iterations):# Forward propagation: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Inputs: " X, W1, b1" . Output: " A1, cache1, A2, cache2" . ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code) A1, cache1 = linear_activation_forward(X, W1, b1, activation = " relu" ) A2, cache2 = linear_activation_forward(A1, W2, b2, activation = " sigmoid" ) ### END CODE HERE #### Compute cost ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code) cost = compute_cost(A2, Y) ### END CODE HERE #### Initializing backward propagation dA2 = - (np.divide(Y, A2) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - A2))# Backward propagation. Inputs: " dA2, cache2, cache1" . Outputs: " dA1, dW2, db2; also dA0 (not used), dW1, db1" . ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code) dA1, dW2, db2 = linear_activation_backward(dA2, cache2, activation = " sigmoid" ) dA0, dW1, db1 = linear_activation_backward(dA1, cache1, activation = " relu" ) ### END CODE HERE #### Set grads[' dWl' ] to dW1, grads[' db1' ] to db1, grads[' dW2' ] to dW2, grads[' db2' ] to db2 grads[' dW1' ] = dW1 grads[' db1' ] = db1 grads[' dW2' ] = dW2 grads[' db2' ] = db2# Update parameters. ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 1 line of code) parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate) ### END CODE HERE #### Retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2 from parameters W1 = parameters[" W1" ] b1 = parameters[" b1" ] W2 = parameters[" W2" ] b2 = parameters[" b2" ]# Print the cost every 100 training example if print_cost and i % 100 == 0: print(" Cost after iteration {}: {}" .format(i, np.squeeze(cost))) if print_cost and i % 100 == 0: costs.append(cost)# plot the costplt.plot(np.squeeze(costs)) plt.ylabel(' cost' ) plt.xlabel(' iterations (per tens)' ) plt.title(" Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate)) plt.show()return parameters

Run the cell below to train your parameters. See if your model runs. The cost should be decreasing. It may take up to 5 minutes to run 2500 iterations. Check if the " Cost after iteration 0" matches the expected output below, if not click on the square (?) on the upper bar of the notebook to stop the cell and try to find your error.

parameters = two_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y), num_iterations = 2500, print_cost=True)

Cost after iteration 0: 0.693049735659989 Cost after iteration 100: 0.6464320953428849 Cost after iteration 200: 0.6325140647912678 Cost after iteration 300: 0.6015024920354665 Cost after iteration 400: 0.5601966311605748 Cost after iteration 500: 0.515830477276473 Cost after iteration 600: 0.4754901313943325 Cost after iteration 700: 0.43391631512257495 Cost after iteration 800: 0.4007977536203886 Cost after iteration 900: 0.35807050113237987 Cost after iteration 1000: 0.3394281538366413 Cost after iteration 1100: 0.30527536361962654 Cost after iteration 1200: 0.2749137728213015 Cost after iteration 1300: 0.24681768210614827 Cost after iteration 1400: 0.1985073503746611 Cost after iteration 1500: 0.17448318112556593 Cost after iteration 1600: 0.1708076297809661 Cost after iteration 1700: 0.11306524562164737 Cost after iteration 1800: 0.09629426845937163 Cost after iteration 1900: 0.08342617959726878 Cost after iteration 2000: 0.0743907870431909 Cost after iteration 2100: 0.06630748132267938 Cost after iteration 2200: 0.05919329501038176 Cost after iteration 2300: 0.05336140348560564 Cost after iteration 2400: 0.048554785628770226

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Expected Output:

Cost after iteration 0	0.6930497356599888
Cost after iteration 100	0.6464320953428849
...	...
Cost after iteration 2400	0.048554785628770206

Good thing you built a vectorized implementation! Otherwise it might have taken 10 times longer to train this.
Now, you can use the trained parameters to classify images from the dataset. To see your predictions on the training and test sets, run the cell below.

predictions_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)

Accuracy: 1.0

Expected Output:

Accuracy

1.0

predictions_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)

Accuracy: 0.72

Expected Output:

**Accuracy**

0.72

Note: You may notice that running the model on fewer iterations (say 1500) gives better accuracy on the test set. This is called " early stopping" and we will talk about it in the next course. Early stopping is a way to prevent overfitting.
Congratulations! It seems that your 2-layer neural network has better performance (72%) than the logistic regression implementation (70%, assignment week 2). Let‘s see if you can do even better with an \\(L\\)-layer model.
5 - L-layer Neural NetworkQuestion: Use the helper functions you have implemented previously to build an \\(L\\)-layer neural network with the following structure: [LINEAR -> RELU]\\(\\times\\)(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. The functions you may need and their inputs are:

def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims): ... return parameters def L_model_forward(X, parameters): ... return AL, caches def compute_cost(AL, Y): ... return cost def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches): ... return grads def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate): ... return parameters

### CONSTANTS ### layers_dims = [12288, 20, 7, 5, 1] #5-layer model

# GRADED FUNCTION: L_layer_modeldef L_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):#lr was 0.009 " " " Implements a L-layer neural network: [LINEAR-> RELU]*(L-1)-> LINEAR-> SIGMOID.Arguments: X -- data, numpy array of shape (number of examples, num_px * num_px * 3) Y -- true " label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples) layers_dims -- list containing the input size and each layer size, of length (number of layers + 1). learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop print_cost -- if True, it prints the cost every 100 stepsReturns: parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict. " " " np.random.seed(1) costs = []# keep track of cost# Parameters initialization. ### START CODE HERE ### parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims) ### END CODE HERE #### Loop (gradient descent) for i in range(0, num_iterations):# Forward propagation: [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code) AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters) ### END CODE HERE #### Compute cost. ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code) cost = compute_cost(AL, Y) ### END CODE HERE #### Backward propagation. ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code) grads = L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches) ### END CODE HERE ### # Update parameters. ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code) parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate) ### END CODE HERE #### Print the cost every 100 training example if print_cost and i % 100 == 0: print (" Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost)) if print_cost and i % 100 == 0: costs.append(cost)# plot the cost plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs)) plt.ylabel(' cost' ) plt.xlabel(' iterations (per tens)' ) plt.title(" Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate)) plt.show()return parameters

You will now train the model as a 5-layer neural network.
Run the cell below to train your model. The cost should decrease on every iteration. It may take up to 5 minutes to run 2500 iterations. Check if the " Cost after iteration 0" matches the expected output below, if not click on the square (?) on the upper bar of the notebook to stop the cell and try to find your error.

parameters = L_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims, num_iterations = 2500, print_cost = True)

Cost after iteration 0: 0.771749 Cost after iteration 100: 0.672053 Cost after iteration 200: 0.648263 Cost after iteration 300: 0.611507 Cost after iteration 400: 0.567047 Cost after iteration 500: 0.540138 Cost after iteration 600: 0.527930 Cost after iteration 700: 0.465477 Cost after iteration 800: 0.369126 Cost after iteration 900: 0.391747 Cost after iteration 1000: 0.315187 Cost after iteration 1100: 0.272700 Cost after iteration 1200: 0.237419 Cost after iteration 1300: 0.199601 Cost after iteration 1400: 0.189263 Cost after iteration 1500: 0.161189 Cost after iteration 1600: 0.148214 Cost after iteration 1700: 0.137775 Cost after iteration 1800: 0.129740 Cost after iteration 1900: 0.121225 Cost after iteration 2000: 0.113821 Cost after iteration 2100: 0.107839 Cost after iteration 2200: 0.102855 Cost after iteration 2300: 0.100897 Cost after iteration 2400: 0.092878

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【Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application】Expected Output:

Cost after iteration 0	0.771749
Cost after iteration 100	0.672053
...	...
Cost after iteration 2400	0.092878

pred_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)

Accuracy: 0.985645933014

**Train Accuracy**

0.985645933014

pred_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)

Accuracy: 0.8

Expected Output:

**Test Accuracy**

0.8

Congrats! It seems that your 5-layer neural network has better performance (80%) than your 2-layer neural network (72%) on the same test set.
This is good performance for this task. Nice job!
Though in the next course on " Improving deep neural networks" you will learn how to obtain even higher accuracy by systematically searching for better hyperparameters (learning_rate, layers_dims, num_iterations, and others you‘ll also learn in the next course).
6) Results AnalysisFirst, let‘s take a look at some images the L-layer model labeled incorrectly. This will show a few mislabeled images.

print_mislabeled_images(classes, test_x, test_y, pred_test)

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A few type of images the model tends to do poorly on include:

Cat body in an unusual position
Cat appears against a background of a similar color
Unusual cat color and species
Camera Angle
Brightness of the picture
Scale variation (cat is very large or small in image)

7) Test with your own image (optional/ungraded exercise)Congratulations on finishing this assignment. You can use your own image and see the output of your model. To do that:
1. Click on " File" in the upper bar of this notebook, then click " Open" to go on your Coursera Hub.
2. Add your image to this Jupyter Notebook‘s directory, in the " images" folder
3. Change your image‘s name in the following code
4. Run the code and check if the algorithm is right (1 = cat, 0 = non-cat)!

## START CODE HERE ## # my_image = " my_image.jpg" # change this to the name of your image file my_image = " my_cat201712.png" # change this to the name of your image file my_label_y = [1] # the true class of your image (1 -> cat, 0 -> non-cat) ## END CODE HERE ##fname = " images/" + my_image image = np.array(ndimage.imread(fname, flatten=False)) my_image = scipy.misc.imresize(image, size=(num_px,num_px)).reshape((num_px*num_px*3,1)) my_predicted_image = predict(my_image, my_label_y, parameters)plt.imshow(image) print (" y = " + str(np.squeeze(my_predicted_image)) + " , your L-layer model predicts a \\" " + classes[int(np.squeeze(my_predicted_image)),].decode(" utf-8" ) +" \\" picture." )